tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45397146755228919392024-03-19T06:02:29.187-07:00Debby Syahru Romadlonfainnal mangal ngusri yusroAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.comBlogger128125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-48589707973320327812013-09-10T05:39:00.001-07:002013-09-10T05:39:13.236-07:00PENGARUH PENYULUHAN KESEHATAN TENTANG PERENCANAAN MAKAN DENGAN MEDIA FOOD MODEL TERHADAP KETEPATAN JUMLAH KALORI PENDERITA TIPE 2
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<b><span style="font-size: small;">PENGARUH
P</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="id-ID">ENYULUHAN KESEHATAN</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
TENTANG PERENCANAAN MAKAN</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="id-ID">
DENGAN MEDIA </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>FOOD
MODEL</i></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> TERHADA</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="id-ID">P
KETEPATAN JUMLAH KALORI </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">PADA PENDERITA DM
TIPE </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="id-ID">2</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
DI PUSKESMAS </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="id-ID">JANTI </span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">MALANG</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="id-ID"><b>Debby
Syahru R, Djoko Set</b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>y</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="id-ID"><b>ono,
Maria Diah CT</b></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Poltekkes
Kemenkes Malang, Jl. Besar Ijen 77 C Malang</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">e-mail:
</span></span><a href="mailto:rama.delon@yahoo.com"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">rama.delon@yahoo.com</span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Diabetes
mellitus (DM) is one of Indonesia's biggest disease that can be
managed with a good </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">meal</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
plan</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">ning</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.
Health education about meal planning with food model media can
improve patient</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">’s</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
knowledge about diabetes meal planning. This study aim</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">ed</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">a</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">t
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">know</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
the effect of health education about </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">meal
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">planning
with food model media </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">to
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">accuracy
number of calories in patient with </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">t</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ype
2 DM. This study use</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
the Pre-Experimental design with one group pretest posttest design</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">,
it</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
was held on 10 March to 12 May 2013. The population</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">
of this</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
study </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">was</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
153 people taken 15 samples with quota sampling technique. Treatment
in this study </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">was</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
health education about meal planning with food</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">
model media</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.
Characteristics and application of </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">accuration</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
number of calories </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">of
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">respondents
obtained through interviews and food record. The data were processed
using the </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">w</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ilcoxon
test and analyzed descriptively. Wilcoxon test results showed there
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">was</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">effect</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
of health education </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">about
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">meal
planning with </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">food
model media to </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">accuracy</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">
number </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">of
calories with p value = 0</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">002
(α = 0,05). It </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">was
showed</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
from the i</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">ncreasing
of </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
implementation </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">of
accuration </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">number
of calories of 20% of respondents before </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">health
education</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
into 86.67% of respondents a</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">fter
health education</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">S</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">uggestion
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">for
people with diabetes and healthcare professionals to use the food
model media as an effective me</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">thod</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
to increase knowledge about meal planning.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Keywords</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">:
Health Education, Meal</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Planning,
Food Model, Accuracy Number of Calories, Diabetes Mellitus</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4539714675522891939" name="_GoBack"></a>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">Diabetes
mellitus (DM) merupakan salah satu penyakit terbesar di Indonesia
yang dapat dikelola dengan perencanaan makan yang baik. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Penyuluhan
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">k</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">esehatan
tentang perencanaan makan </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">dengan
media </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
model</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">dapat
meningkatkan </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">pengetahuan
penderita </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">DM</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">tentang
perencanaan makan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.
Penelitian ini </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">bertujuan
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">mengetahui
pengaruh penyuluhan kesehatan tentang perencanaan makan </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">dengan
media </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
model</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">terhadap
ketepatan jumlah kalori penderita DM tipe 2. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Penelitian
ini menggunakan </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">metode
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>Pre–Eksperimental</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
dengan desain </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>one
group pretest posttest design</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">yang
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">dilaksanakan
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">pada
10 Maret – 12 Mei 2013</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">Populasi
penelitian berjumlah 153 orang yang diambil 15 sampel dengan teknik
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>quota
sampling</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">.
Perlakuan dalam penelitian ini berupa penyuluhan kesehatan tentang
perencanaan makan dengan media </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
model</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">.
Data karakteristik dan penerapan ketepatan jumlah kalori responden
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">didapatkan
melalui </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">wawancara
dan </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
record</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">Data
diolah </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">menggunakan
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">uji</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>wilcoxon</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">dan
dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil uji </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>wilcoxon</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">menunjukkan
terdapat pengaruh dari penyuluhan kesehatan tentang perencanaan makan
dengan media </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
model</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">terhadap
ketepatan jumlah kalori dengan </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>p
value</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">
= 0,002 (α=0,05). Hal ini terlihat dari peningkatan pelaksanaan
ketepatan jumlah kalori dari 20% responden sebelum penyuluhan menjadi
86,67% </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">responden
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">setelah
penyuluhan. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">Saran
untuk penderita DM dan petugas kesehatan untuk menggunakan media</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>
food model</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">
sebagai sarana yang efektif untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang
perencanaan makan.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Kata
Kunci</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
: Penyuluhan Kesehatan, Perencanaan Makan, </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Food
Model</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">,
Ketepatan Jumlah Kalori, Diabetes Mellitus</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><b>PENDAHULUAN
</b></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Diabetes
mellitus (DM) merupakan suatu kelompok penyakit metabolik dengan
karakteristik hiperglikemia yang terjadi karena kelainan sekresi
insulin, kerja insulin atau kedua-duanya (FKUI, 2006). </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Di</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">a</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">betes
mellitus diklasifikasikan menjadi DM tipe </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">1</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">,
DM tipe 2, DM tipe lain, dan diabetes kehamilan/</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">g</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">estasional
Diabetes Mellitus</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(ADA, 2005</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">).
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Secara
epidemologik, diabetes seringkali tidak terdeteksi dan dikatakan
onset atau mulai terjadinya diabetes adalah tujuh tahun sebelum
diagnostik ditegakkan, sehingga morbiditas dan mortalitas dini
terjadi pada kasus yang tidak terdeteksi ini. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Penelitian
lain menyatakan bahwa dengan adanya urbanisasi, populasi diabetes
tipe 2 akan meningkat 5-10 kali lipat karena terjadi perubahan
perilaku rulal-tradisional menjadi urban.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
(FKUI, 2006).</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">DM
</span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Diabetes
Mellitus</span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">
tipe </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">
adalah diabetes yang disebabkan penurunan sensitivitas terhadap
insulin atau akibat penurunan jumlah produksi insulin</span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Brunner
</span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">
Suddarth, 2001</span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">.
Penderita DM tipe 2 umumnya terdiagnosis DM pada usia 30 tahun ke
atas dan pada orang yang mengalami obesitas (Brunner </span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">
Suddarth, 2001). Pada tahun-tahun awal terdiagnosis penyakit
diabetes, penderita tidak merasakan gejala apapun sehingga penderita
seringkali tidak mengontrol makannya (Rosdiyatun, 2005).</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Prevalensi
penyakit diabetes mellitus selalu meningkat disetiap tahunnya dan
menjadi masalah yang cukup serius di negara maju dan juga negara
berkembang. Diabetes mellitus (DM) menjadi masalah kesehatan dunia
saat ini, data yang diperoleh pada tahun 2003 total prevalensi
seluruh dunia mencapai 13,8 juta jiwa dan prevalensinya akan terus
melambung dan diperkirakan pada tahun 2025 akan mencapai 5,4%
(</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>American Diabetes
Association,</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">2004</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>).
</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Badan Kesehatan</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sedunia (</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>World
Health Organization</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">),
memperkirakan terjadinya peningkatan penyandang DM diseluruh dunia
dari 171 juta penduduk pada tahun 2000 menjadi 366 juta penduduk
pada tahun 2030 (WHO, 1999). </span></span>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">Menurut
WHO </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">jumlah
penderita diabetes mellitus di </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">Indonesia</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
pada tahun </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">1995</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">menempati
posisi ke </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">tujuh</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
dengan jumlah penderita sekitar </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">4,5</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
j</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">uta
dan diperkirakan akan meningkat ke posisi 5 pada tahun 2025 </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">setelah
</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">Pakistan</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">12,4</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
juta orang). Diperkirakan bahwa pada tahun 2030, secara epidemologi
prevalensi DM di indonesia mencapai 21,3 juta orang (Depkes,</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">2009).</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Perkumpulan</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Endokrinologi
Indonesia (Perkeni) menyebutkan, pada tahun 1980 prevalensi diabetes
di Indonesia sekitar 1,5-2,3 persen pada penduduk usia 15 tahun ke
atas. Di Jawa Timur prevalensi DM yaitu 1,43% di daerah urban dan
1,47% di daerah rural (Soegondo,</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">dkk</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">,
2009). </span></span>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Berdasarkan
data Persadia Jawa Timur,jumlah diabetesi di Jawa Timur diperkirakan
mencapai 6% dari total jumlah penduduk Jawa Timur. Hasil studi
pendahuluan tgl 5 ag</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">u</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">stus
2009 di DINKES kota malang jumlah kunjungan diabetisi th 2008
mencapai 16635 (</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Tikfi
A</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">, 201</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">1</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">).</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Prevalensi
penyakit diabetes meningkat karena terjadi perubahan gaya hidup,
dimana makanan yang dikonsumsi jumlah kalorinya tinggi disertai
dengan kurangnya aktivitas fisik </span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Soegondo,
2004</span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">.
Pada DM tipe 2 perlu dilakukan penanganan agar tidak terjadi
komplikasi lebih lanjut.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Hasil
studi pendahuluan yang dilakukan pada tanggal </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">10
Januari 2013 </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">
di Puskesm</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">as
Janti Kota Malang</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">,
didapatkan data bahwa </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">penderita
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">penyakit
DM tipe 2pada tahun 20</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">12sebanyak
153 orang.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Adapun
pengelolaan DM tipe 2 meliputi pengelolaan diet, latihan atau olah
raga, penyuluhan kesehatan serta pengobatan. Intervensi diet untuk
mengendalikan glukosa darah merupakan salah satu intervensi penting
bagi penderita DM tipe 2.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">K</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">ata
diet diganti dengan istilah perencanaan makan </span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"><i>meal
planning</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">
untuk memberikan kesan kepada penderita agar tidak terlalu
menakutkan, karena kata diet selalu dihubungkan dengan pasien atau
dengan segala larangan jenis makanan sehingga kepatuhan pasien
menjadi lemah </span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Depkes
RI, 2005</span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Penderita
diabetes mellitus </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">tipe
2 </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">dalam
melaksanakan diet sehari</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
- </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">hari mengikuti
pedoman 3J (</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">t</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">epat
jenis, jumlah dan jadwal)</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">,
tetapi pengaturan pola makan yang paling penting bagi penderita DM
tipe 2 adalah pengaturan jumlah kalori yang dibutuhkan setiap
harinya agar gula darah tetap terkontrol. Jadi penderita boleh
memilih berbagai jenis makanan tetapi harus sesuai dengan takaran
agar tidak melebihi kebutuhan kalori yang dibutuhkan. Sedangkan
untuk pengaturan jadwal ini menyesuaikan dengan kebiasaan pola makan
masing – masing penderita DM tipe 2, karena setiap orang memiliki
jadwal pola makan yang berbeda – beda. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Pengaturan
diet ini perlu memperhatikan pola makan penderita, agar tidak
terlalu menyimpang dari biasanya (Pranadi, 2002)</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Dalam
penanganan kasus diabetes mellitus di Puskesmas Janti Malang, pasien
mendapatkan </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">obat
antidiabetes serta </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">penyuluhan
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">kesehatan
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">dari dokter dan
ahli gizi tentang perencanaan makan dan olahraga secara teratur
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">dengan
media </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>leaflet</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">.
Namun ahli gizi di Puskesmas Janti belum dapat melakukan evaluasi
terhadap p</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">ola
makankhususnya ketepatan jumlah kalori </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">pada
penderita diabetes mellitus</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
serta media yang digunakan apakah sudah efektif untuk keberhasilan
materi penyuluhan kesehatan tentang perencanaan makan.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Berdasarkan
fenomena diatas, diperlukan suatu </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">evaluasi
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">yang
harus</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">dilakukan
oleh petugas kesehatan</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
dari penyuluhan kesehatan tentang perencanaan makan yang telah
dilakukan </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">agar
dapat men</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">getahui
keberhasilan suatu penyuluhan kesehatan tersebut. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Penyuluhan
kesehatan merupakan salah satu bentuk intervensi keperawatan yang
mandiri untuk membantu pasien baik individu, kelompok, maupun
masyarakat dalam mengatasi masalah kesehatannya melalui kegiatan
pembelajaran</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">.Salah
satu media penyuluhan kesehatan adalah menggunakan barang tiruan
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">(Suliha
dkk, 2002). </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Penyuluhan
kesehatan tentang perencanaan makan dapat menggunakan media barang
tiruan yaitu dengan </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
model</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">,
karena dengan food model responden dapat melihat dan memegang
langsung contoh makanan yang disarankan serta responden dapat
memahami ukuran makanan sesuai dengan bentuk aslinya. Hal ini di
dukung dengan pendapat Suliha dkk (2002) bahwa alat bantu peraga
pengajaran/alat peraga sangat membantu sasaran didik dalam menerima
informasi berdasarkan kemampuan penangkapan pancaindera. Semakin
banyak indra yang digunakan semakin baik penerimaan sasaran didik
terhadap pesan/materi pendidikan kesehatan.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Berkaitan
dengan hal diatas, </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">peneliti</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">
ingin mengetahui pengaruh penyuluhan kesehatan tentang perencanaan
makan </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">dengan
media </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
model </i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">terhadap
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">ketepatan
jumlah kalori</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">
pada penderita DM tipe 2.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
Tujuan umum penelitian ini m</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">engetahui
pengaruh penyuluhan kesehatan tentang perencanaan makan </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">dengan
media </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
model </i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">terhadap
ketepatan jumlah kalori pada penderita DM tipe 2</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">di
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">P</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">uskesmas
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">J</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">anti</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
Malang. Sedangkan t</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">ujuan
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">k</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">husus</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
m</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">engidentifikasi
ketepatan jumlah kalori pada penderita DM tipe 2 sebelum </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">dan
sesudah diberikan penyuluhan kesehatan tentang perencanaan makan
dengan media </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
model</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
dan m</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">enganalisis
pengaruh penyuluhan kesehatan tentang perencanaan makan </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">dengan
media </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
model </i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">terhadap</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">ketepatan
jumlah kalori pada penderita DM tipe 2</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">di
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">P</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">uskesmas</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
J</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">anti</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
Malang</span></span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><b>METODE
PENELITIAN</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Penelitian
ini </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>Pre-Experimental</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>Design</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
dengan pendekatan </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>One
Group</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>Pretest
– Posstest Design</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">.
Populasi dalam penelitian ini meliputi seluruh penderita DM tipe 2,
yang berdasarkan catatan rekam medis Puskesmas Janti sebesar kurang
lebih 153 penderita pada tahun 2012. Sampel dalam penelitian ini
adalah penderita DM tipe 2 yang tercatat dalam rekam medis Puskesmas
Janti Malang. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 15 responden
yang mampu baca tulis, tidak mengalami gangguan pendengaran dan
gangguan penglihatan, kooperatif, dan usia antara 30 tahun sampai
dengan 60 tahun.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Variabel
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">bebas</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">
dalam penelitian ini adalah </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">penyuluhan
kesehatan tentang perencanaan makan dengan media </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
model</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">.
Sedangkan variabel terikat d</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">alam</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">penelitian</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">ini adalah</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">ketepatan
jumlah kalori</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
penderita DM tipe 2. Data tentang ketepatan jumlah kalori penderita
DM tipe 2 pada penelitian ini diambil dengan cara </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
record.</i></span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Perlakuan
yang diberikan dalam penelitian ini adalah penyuluhan kesehatan
tentang perencanaan makan dengan media </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
model </i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">dari
bahan </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>sterofom</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">.
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Peneliti
dalam memberikan penyuluhan kesehatan perencanaan makan datang
kerumah masing – masing responden, dikarenakan jumlah responden 15
orang, peneliti membagi tahap penelitian menjadi 3 gelombang. Setiap
gelombang membutuhkan waktu 3 minggu dan terdiri dari 5 responden.
Pada setiap gelombang tahapan penelitian diawali dengan memberikan
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>informed
consent</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
sekaligus </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
record</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
sebelum dilakukan penyuluhan kesehatan pada minggu pertama. Pada
minggu kedua peneliti memberikan penyuluhan kesehatan perencanaan
makan sebanyak 2 kali dengan jarak 6 hari. Setelah penyuluhan
kesehatan yang kedua peneliti membagikan </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
record</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
sesudah penyuluhan kesehatan yang akan diambil pada akhir minggu
ketiga. Dan waktu pengambilan data </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
record </i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">sesudah
penyuluhan kesehatan gelombang pertama, peneliti sekaligus memulai
tahapan penelitian gelombang kedua dan seterusnya.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Peneliti
dalam memberikan penyuluhan kesehatan membutuhkan waktu 30 – 45
menit setiap sesi. Penyuluhan kesehatan sesi pertama peneliti
memberikan materi </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="fi-FI">pengertian
perencanaan makan</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
dan </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="fi-FI">penentuan
kebutuhan kalori pada penderita DM tipe 2</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
dan prinsip 3J (jenis, jumlah, dan jadwal) </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="fi-FI">dengan
media penyuluhan </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">yaitu
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>PowerPoint</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
dan </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>Leaflet</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">,
dan juga dilakukan demonstrasi penghitungan kebutuhan kalori.
Sedangkan penyuluhan kesehatan sesi kedua dengan materi prinsip 3J
(jenis, jumlah, dan jadwal), </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="fi-FI">daftar
bahan makanan penukar, dan contoh-contoh menu</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
sehari – hari dengan memberikan </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
model </i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">kepada
masing – masing responden serta mengevaluasi hasil </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
record </i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">sebelum
diberikan penyuluhan kesehatan dari masing – masing responden.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Hasil
pengumpulan data karakteristik responden disajikan dalam bentuk pie
chart dan dianalisis secara deskriptif sedangkan data tentang
ketepatan jumlah kalori disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dianalisis
secara deskriptif. Dan untuk mengetahui ketepatan jumlah kalori
sebelum dan sesudah penyuluhan kesehatan tentang perencanaan makan
dengan media </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
model </i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">dilakukan
uji </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>wilcoxon.
</i></span></span></span>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><b>HASIL
PENELITIAN</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Hasil
penelitian untuk data umum responden meliputi jenis kelamin, usia,
tingkat pendidikan, status gizi, pengalaman penyuluhan, dan lama
menderita DM tipe 2 disajikan dalam </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>pie
chart. </i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Sedangkan
data khusus tentang ketepatan jumlah kalori sebelum dan sesudah
penyuluhan kesehatan disajikan dalam bentuk tabel. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<br />
</div>
<div dir="LTR" id="Section1">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.75cm; text-indent: -1.75cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Gambar
1</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
Distribusi Frekuensi Jenis Kelamin Responden di Puskesmas Janti
Malang Tahun 2013 (n: 15)</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; text-indent: -1.27cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 2.25cm; text-indent: -2.25cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Gambar
2</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
Distribusi Frekuensi Usia Responden di Puskesmas Janti Malang Tahun
2013 </span></span>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 2.25cm; text-indent: -2.25cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(n:
15)</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 2.25cm; text-indent: -2.25cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; text-indent: -1.27cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 2.25cm; text-indent: -2.25cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Gambar
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">3.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
Distribusi Frekuensi </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Tingkat
Pendidikan</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
Responden di Puskesmas Janti Malang Tahun 2013 (n: 15)</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 2.25cm; text-indent: -2.25cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; text-indent: -1.27cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 2.25cm; text-indent: -2.25cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Gambar
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">4.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
Distribusi Frekuensi </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Status
Gizi</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> Responden di
Puskesmas Janti Malang Tahun 2013 (n: 15)</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; text-indent: -1.27cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; text-indent: -1.27cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 2.25cm; text-indent: -2.25cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Gambar
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">5.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
Distribusi Frekuensi Pengalaman Penyuluhan Kesehatan Tentang
Perencanaan Makan DM Responden di Puskesmas Janti Malang Tahun 2013
(n: 15</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">)</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 2.25cm; text-indent: -2.25cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; text-indent: -1.27cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 2.25cm; text-indent: -2.25cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Gambar
6 Distribusi Frekuensi Lamanya Menderita DM Tipe 2 Responden di
Puskesmas Janti Malang Tahun 2013 (n: 15)</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.75cm; text-indent: -1.75cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Tabel
1. Distribusi Frekuensi </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Ketepatan
Jumlah Kalori Responden Sebelum Diberikan Penyuluhan Kesehatan di
Puskesmas Janti Malang Tahun 2013</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.75cm; text-indent: -1.75cm;">
<br />
</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" style="width: 520px;">
<colgroup><col width="159"></col>
<col width="167"></col>
<col width="150"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" width="159">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Keterangan</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="331">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Jumlah
kalori</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="167">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>N</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="150">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>%</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="159">
<div align="LEFT" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Tepat</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="167">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="150">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">20</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="159">
<div align="LEFT" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Tidak
tepat</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="167">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">12</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="150">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">80</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="159">
<div align="LEFT" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Jumlah</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="167">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">15</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="150">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">100</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.5cm; text-indent: -1.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Tabel
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">2.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
Distribusi Frekuensi </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Ketepatan
Jumlah Kalori Responden Sesudah Diberikan</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Penyuluhan
Kesehatan di Puskesmas Janti Malang Tahun 2013</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.75cm; text-indent: -1.75cm;">
<br />
</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" style="width: 520px;">
<colgroup><col width="159"></col>
<col width="167"></col>
<col width="150"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" width="159">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Keterangan</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="331">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Jumlah
kalori</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="167">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>N</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="150">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>%</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="159">
<div align="LEFT" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Tepat</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="167">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">13</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="150">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">86,67</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="159">
<div align="LEFT" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Tidak
tepat</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="167">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="150">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">13,33</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="159">
<div align="LEFT" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Jumlah</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="167">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">15</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="150">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">100</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.75cm; text-indent: -1.75cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Tabel
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">3</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
Distribusi Frekuensi </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Ketepatan
Jumlah Kalori Responden Sebelum dan Sesudah Diberikan Penyuluhan
Kesehatan di Puskesmas Janti Malang Tahun 2013</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.75cm; text-indent: -1.75cm;">
<br />
</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" style="width: 520px;">
<colgroup><col width="81"></col>
<col width="48"></col>
<col width="50"></col>
<col width="48"></col>
<col width="50"></col>
<col width="46"></col>
<col width="42"></col>
<col width="41"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3" width="81">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Penyuluhan
Kesehatan</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" width="238">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Ketepatan
Jumlah kalori</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="102">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Jumlah</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" width="41">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>p-value</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="112">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Tepat</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="112">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Tidak
tepat</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="48">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>N</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="50">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>%</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="48">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>N</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="50">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>%</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="46">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>N</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="42">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>%</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" width="41">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>0,002</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="81">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Pretest</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="48">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="50">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">20</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="48">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">12</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="50">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">80</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="46">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">15</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="42">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">100</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="81">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Postest</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="48">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">13</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="50">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">86,67</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="48">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="50">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">13,33</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="46">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">15</span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="42">
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">100</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Hasil
analisis statistik menggunakan Uji </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Wilcoxon
Test</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> menunjukkan
bahwa ada pengaruh yang signifikan antara ketepatan jumlah kalori
sebelum dan sesudah diberikan penyuluhan kesehatan tentang
perencanaan makan diabetes mellitus dengan media </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>food
model</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> sebanyak 2 kali
di Puskesmas Janti Malang (p value = 0,002) kurang dari ( α =
0,05). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa responden yang sudah diberikan
informasi tentang perencanaan makan dengan media </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>food
model </i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">telah
menerapkan prinsip tepat jumlah kalori.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>PEMBAHASAN</b></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Penyuluhan
kesehatan tentang perencanaan makan diabetes mellitus dengan media
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>food model </i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">dalam
penelitian ini diberikan sebanyak 2 kali ke rumah masing – masing
responden. Dan untuk pengukuran ketepatan jumlah kalori responden
menggunakan </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>food
record</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> 24 jam selama
6 hari sebelum dan sesudah diberikan penyuluhan kesehatan tentang
perencanaan makan dengan media </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>food
model</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Dalam
penelitian ini sebagian besar responden adalah perempuan (67%). Hal
ini sesuai dengan pernyataan Corwin (2000) bahwa penyakit diabetes
mellitus dapat menyerang laki – laki maupun perempuan dengan
prosentase perempuan lebih banyak dibandingkan laki – laki.
Menurut Baziad Ali (2003), wanita pada usia lanjut (saat </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>menopause</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">)
mengalami penurunan fungsi hormon estrogen, penurunan pengeluaran
hormon paratiroid dan meningkatnya hormon FSH dan LH sehingga
menimbulkan perubahan sistem pembuluh darah yang dapat menyebabkan
berbagai macam penyakit, seperti diabetes mellitus, jantung koroner
dan stroke.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Usia
responden dalam penelitian juga sebagian berkisar 51 – 60 tahun
(87%). Hal ini didukung dengan pernyataan Subroto (2006) bahwa
penyakit diabetes mellitus tipe 2 biasanya muncul pada orang yang
berusia lebih dari 30 tahun. Keseluruhan responden diatas menderita
diabetes mellitus tipe 2 yang mana tidak tergantung insulin (NIDDM)
dan berkaitan dengan usia karena diabetes mellitus sering muncul
pada usia lanjut. Proses penuaan atau usia lanjut dapat menyebabkan
penyusunan sel – sel β yang progesif sehingga sekresi insulin
semakin berkurang dan kepekaan reseptornya juga menurun (Subroto,
2006).</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; text-indent: 1.25cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Penyakit
diabetes mellitus tipe 1 umumnya diderita oleh orang – orang
dibawah umur 30 tahun, terutama dimulai pada usia 10 – 13 tahun.
Diabetes tipe ini umumnya terjadi karena kerusakan sel – sel β
pulau Langerhans yang disebabkan oleh distruksi autoimun. Muchid
(2005) menambahkan bahwa distruksi aotuimun dari sel – sel pulau
langerhans kelenjar pankreas langsung mengakibatkan defisiensi
sekresi insulin. Defisiensi sekresi inilah yang menyebabkan gangguan
metabolisme yang menyertai diabetes mellitus tipe 1 (Subroto, 2006).</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Ketepatan
Jumlah kalori responden sebelum diberikan penyuluhan kesehatan
tentang perencanaan makan dengan media </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>food
model</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> sebesar 20%
sedangkan responden yang belum menerapkan prinsip tepat jumlah
kalori sebesar 80%. Responden dalam penelitian ini sebagian besar
(73%) belum pernah mengikuti penyuluhan kesehatan tentang
perencanaan makan diabetes mellitus. Jadi menurut peneliti responden
yang belum memenuhi prinsip tepat kalori dikarenakan responden belum
mengetahui tentang pembagian makanan yang benar dalam sehari,
kandungan kalori dari setiap makanan dan juga perbedaan sosial
ekonomi yang menyebabkan responden tidak dapat mencukupi kebutuhan
makanan sehari.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Kurangnya
pengetahuan responden dalam hal perencanaan makan diabetes mellitus
ini juga didukung dengan mayoritas responden baru menderita diabetes
mellitus tipe 2 kurang lebih 1 – 3 tahun (60%). Jadi memang
responden dalam penelitian ini sangat membutuhkan pengetahuan
tentang perencanaan makan diabetes mellitus agar dapat menerapkan
prinsip ketepatan jumlah kalori.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">T</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">epat
jumlah </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">pada
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">penderita
DM </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">t</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">ipe
2</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> yang dimaksud
adalah penderita </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">harus
mengkonsumsi makanan sesuai dengan kebutuhan </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">kalori</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">nya
dalam satu hari. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Penderita
dapat menghitung kebutuhan kalorinya dengan rumus perhitungan kalori
secara mandiri atau dibantu petugas kesehatan</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">.
Jumlah kalori yang diberikan harus habis, jangan dikurangi atau
ditambah. Penentuan jumlah kalori diet diabetes disesuaikan dengan
status gizi pasien, adanya kasus-kasus tertentu, aktivitas, berat
badan, dan tinggi badan.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
Hal ini didukung dengan pendapat Askandar (2002) bahwa konsumsi
energi dan zat gizi penderita diabetes mellitus harus tepat agar
penderita tidak mengalami hipoglikemik maupun hiperglikemik dan gula
darah diharapkan dalam batas normal.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ketepatan
jumlah kalori responden sesudah diberikan penyuluhan kesehatan
tentang perencanaan makan dengan media </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>food
model</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> sebanyak 2
kali meningkat sebesar 86,67% responden, sedangkan yang belum tepat
hanya 13,33% responden.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> Penyuluhan
kesehatan tentang perencanaan makan dengan media </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>food
model </i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">memang sangat
efektif sekali untuk responden, karena dengan mempunyai </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>food
model</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> responden dapat
mengerti ukuran bahan makanan penukar yang tepat dan sesuai dengan
kalori yang dibutuhkan. Hal ini juga didukung dengan pendapat Egdar
dale bahwa benda tiruan atau benda yang menyerupai benda asli
memiliki intensitas yang kuat/besar setelah benda asli untuk
mempersepsikan pesan yang disampaikan (Suliha, dkk, 2002). Selain
itu menurut peneliti penyuluhan kesehatan tentang perencanaan makan
diabetes mellitus dengan media </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>food
model</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> yang dilakukan
secara mandiri ke rumah masing – masing responden lebih efektif
daripada penyuluhan kesehatan dengan peserta yang banyak, karena
peneliti dapat menerangkan materi yang diberikan sesuai dengan
keadaan, usia, tingkat pendidikan responden. selain itu peneliti
dapat mengajarkan perhitungan kebutuhan kalori secara privat ke
masing – masing responden.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Hasil
analisis statistik menggunakan Uji </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Wilcoxon
Test</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> menunjukkan
bahwa ada pengaruh yang signifikan antara ketepatan jumlah kalori
responden sebelum dan sesudah penyuluhan kesehatan tentang
perencanaan makan diabetes mellitus dengan media </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>food
model</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> di Puskesmas
Janti Malang (p value = 0,002) kurang dari ( α = 0,05). Hal ini
menunjukkan bahwa responden yang sudah diberikan informasi tentang
perencanaan makan dengan media </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>food
model </i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">telah
menerapkan prinsip tepat jumlah kalori.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> Responden
dalam penelitian ini memiliki rentang ketepatan jumlah kalori antara
1351 – 2513 kalori. Pada responden yang belum diberikan penyuluhan
kesehatan tentang perencanaan makan diabetes mellitus dengan media
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>food model </i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">memiliki
rentang rata – rata asupan kalori 6 hari 890 – 3114 kalori per
hari. Dan setelah responden diberikan penyuluhan kesehatan tentang
perencanaan makan diabetes mellitus dengan media </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>food
model</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> memiliki
rentang rata – rata asupan kalori 6 hari 1171 – 2362 kalori per
hari.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Responden
yang belum menerima informasi tentang perencanaan makan mengkonsumsi
energi/kalori kurang ataupun lebih dari kebutuhan kalori yang
dibutuhkan setiap hari, sedangkan setelah diberikan penyuluhan
kesehatan tentang perencanaan makan sebanyak 2 kali secara mandiri
ke rumah masing – masing dengan menggunakan </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>food
model </i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">menjadikan
responden untuk menerapkan prinsip tepat kalori. Karena dengan </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>food
model </i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">akan memudahkan
responden untuk mengerti dan melihat dengan jelas ukuran bentuk
makanan seperti makanan asli. Selain </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>food
model</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> peneliti juga
memberikan leaflet dan daftar bahan penukar makanan ke seluruh
responden sebagai panduan bahan penukar makanan agar responden
mengerti dan memahami kandungan kalori dari masing – masing
makanan yang dimakan, selain itu peneliti juga mengevaluasi makanan
yang dimakan responden ketika pretest agar responden mengerti
kebutuhan kalorinya termasuk kurang ataupun lebih dari kebutuhan
yang dibutuhkan sehingga responden dapat menerapkan prinsip
ketepatan jumlah kalori. </span></span>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Hal
ini didukung dengan pendapat Machfoedz (2003) bahwa seseorang akan
berhasil bila telah banyak memperoleh pengetahuan yang sedang
dipelajari. Pengetahuan merupakan hasil dari tahu, dan ini terjadi
setelah seseorang melakukan penginderaan terhadap sesuatu objek
tertentu. Pengetahuan atau kognitif merupakan domain yang sangat
penting untuk terbentuknya tindakan seseorang. Jadi menurut peneliti
penggunaan media </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>food
model</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> dalam
penelitian ini akan menambah objek pembelajaran dalam perencanaan
makan diabetes mellitus yang sangat dibutuhkan dan menarik karena
dapat meningkatkan motivasi responden dalam menerima informasi
tentang perencanaan makan. Hal ini didukung dengan teori lain yang
dikemukakan Machfoedz (2003) adalah bila pendidik dan peserta didik
sama-sama memiliki motivasi yang tinggi terhadap materi yang sedang
dipelajari atau yang sedang disampaikan tentu hasilnya lebih baik
daripada sebaliknya.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> Responden
yang telah diberikan penyuluhan kesehatan tentang perencanaan makan
diabetes mellitus dengan media </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>food
model </i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">namun belum
tepat jumlah kalori dikarenakan responden belum bisa menerapkan
jumlah kalori yang ditetapkan saat penyuluhan kesehatan. Responden
mengatakan belum terbiasa mengatur dan merubah pola makan sehari –
hari sesuai yang disarankan karena sibuk dengan pekerjaannya dan
sering makan di luar rumah. Hal ini didukung dengan pernyataan Krech
(1993) yang mengungkapkan bahwa perubahan sikap pada individu ada
yang terjadi dengan mudah dan ada yang sukar. Hal ini bergantung
pada kesiapan seseorang untuk menerima atau menolak rangsangan yang
datang kepadanya. </span></span>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> Ketepatan
jumlah kalori sangat penting bagi penderita diabetes mellitus karena
dapat mengontrol gula darah dan mencegah terjadinya komplikasi
diabetes mellitus, seperti pendapat dari Askandar (2006) bahwa
konsumsi energi pada diabetes mellitus harus tepat. Konsumsi energi
yang berlebihan akan diubah oleh tubuh menjadi lemak dan disimpan
dalam sel – sel lemak yang akan memperberat hiperglikemia.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Pendapat
Nurjanah (2006) juga mengatakan kelebihan konsumsi energi dapat
meninggalkan kadar glukosa darah penderita, karena tidak dapat
diubah menjadi glikogen. Kekurangan energi yang dikonsumsi akan
berakibat hipoglikemik, penurunan berat badan pada penderita
diabetes mellitus dengan keluhan polifagia sehingga ketepatan dalam
jumlah energi yang dikonsumsi bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kontrol
metabolik glukosa dan mencegah terjadinya komplikasi diabetes. Jadi
menurut peneliti pengetahuan tentang perencanaan makan sangatlah
penting bagi penderita diabetes mellitus agar tercapai dalam
menerapkan prinsip ketepatan jumlah kalori yang dibutuhkan. Selain
itu media </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>food model
</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">adalah salah satu
media yang baik dalam mengajarkan perencanaan makan tentang diabetes
mellitus</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID"><b>PENUTUP</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">Penyuluhan
kesehatan tentang perencanaan makan dengan media food model sangat
efektif untuk meningkatkan ketepatan jumlah kalori penderita DM Tipe
2 yang ditunjukkan dari </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">peningkatan
pelaksanaan ketepatan jumlah kalori dari 20% responden sebelum
penyuluhan menjadi 86,67% responden setelah penyuluhan dengan p
value = 0,002 (α=0,05).</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Diharapkan
kepada para penderita DM tipe 2 agar mampu mengendalikan penyakit
diabetes mellitus. Hal ini penting karena penyakit diabetes melittus
merupakan penyakit kronis yang menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan pada
semua sistem fungsi tubuh. Upaya yang bisa dilakukan salah satunya
melalui perencanaan makan sebagai upaya untuk mengontrol kadar
glukosa darahnya secara rutin.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Perencanaan makan
yang baikbelumlah cukup guna mengendalikan diabetes mellitus, namun
ada berbagai macam cara yang harus ditempuh oleh penderita DM Tipe
2. Cara tersebut antara lain melalui latihan fisik/olahraga rutin,
pengobatan yang rutin dan terkontrol, sering mengikuti penyuluhan
kesehatan khususnya tentang diabetes mellitus, dan sering melakukan
pemeriksaan gula darah secara rutin. Jika semua hal tersebut
dilakukan, maka angka harapan hidup klien diabetes mellitus akan
menjadi lebih baik</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID"> Perlu
dikembangkan penyuluhan kesehatan tentang perencanaan makan dengan
media </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>food
model </i></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">kepada
penderita DM tipe 2 karena merupakan media yang sangat efektif untuk
meningkatkan ketepatan jumlah kalori penderita DM tipe 2.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID"><b>DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: #ffffff; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.5cm; text-indent: -1.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Alimul
Hidayat, Aziz. 2007. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Metode
Penelitian Keperawatan dan Teknik Analisis Data</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">.
Jakarta: Salemba Medika</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: #ffffff; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.5cm; text-indent: -1.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Almatsier,
Sunita. 2004. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Penuntun
Diet. Edisi Baru, Instalasi Gizi Perjan RS Dr. Mangunkusumo dan
Asosiasi Dietisien Indonesia</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">.
Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: #ffffff; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.5cm; text-indent: -1.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Arikunto,
Suharsimi. 2002. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Prosedur
Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek edisi revisi V .</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
Jakarta : Rineka Cipta</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: #ffffff; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.5cm; text-indent: -1.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Azwar,
Azrul. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">1983.
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"><i>Pengantar
Pendidikan Kesehatan</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">.
Jakarta: Sastra Hidaya</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: #ffffff; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.5cm; text-indent: -1.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Baziad,
Ali. 2003. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>Solusi
Problem Wanita Dewasa</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">.
Depok : Puspa Swara, Anggota IKAPI.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: #ffffff; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.5cm; text-indent: -1.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Brunner.
Suddarth. 2001. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Buku
Ajar Keperawatan Medikal Bedah, Edisi Vol. 2</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">.
Jakarta: EGC.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: #ffffff; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.5cm; text-indent: -1.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Corwin,
Elizabeth J. 2000.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>Buku
Saku Patofisiologi</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">.
Jakarta: EGC.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: #ffffff; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.25cm; text-indent: -1.25cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Depkes
RI. 2003. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"><i>Makalah
Seminar Pekan </i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"><i>Diabetes
Mellitus. </i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: #ffffff; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.27cm; text-indent: -1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">H.A.R
Tilaar. 2002. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>Perubahan
Sosial dan Pendidikan (Penyantas Pedagogik Transformatif untuk
Indonesia</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">).
Jakarta: PT. Grasindo</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: #ffffff; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.27cm; text-indent: -1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Krech,
D. Cruthfield. R.S & Ballachey. E.L. 1993. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>Individual
in Society</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">.
Barkeley: Mc Graw-Hill International Book Company</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-left: 1.63cm; margin-top: 0.05cm; text-indent: -1.65cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="sv-SE">Mahfoedz,
dkk, 2007. </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="sv-SE"><i>Pendidikan
Kesehatan Bagian dari Promosi Kesehatan</i></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="sv-SE">.
Jakarta: Tramaya</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-left: 1.63cm; margin-top: 0.05cm; text-indent: -1.65cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="sv-SE">Noer,
Syaifoelloh, 1996. </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="sv-SE"><i>Buku
Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Jilid I Edisi 3</i></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="sv-SE">.
FKUI: Jakarta</span></span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.27cm; text-indent: -1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Nurjanah,
Nunung. 2006. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>Taklukan
Diabetes dengan Terapi Jus</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">.
Jakarta : Puspa Swara</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: #ffffff; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.5cm; text-indent: -1.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Nursalam,
2003. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"><i>Konsep
dan Penerapan Metodologi Penelitian Ilmu Keperawatan</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">.
Jakarta: Sal</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">em</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">ba
Medika.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: #ffffff; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.5cm; text-indent: -1.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Nursalam,
200</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">8</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">.
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"><i>Konsep
dan Penerapan Metodologi Penelitian Ilmu Keperawatan</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">.
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Edisi
2. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Jakarta:
Sal</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">e</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">mba
Medika.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.25cm; text-indent: -1.25cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Notoadmojo,
S. S. 1997. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"><i>Ilmu
Kesehatan Masyarakat.</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">
Jakarta: Rineka Cipta</span></span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.27cm; text-indent: -1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Parnadji,
2002. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>Perencanaan
Menu untuk Penderita Diabetes Mellitus</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">.
Jakarta : Penebar Swadaya</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.59cm; text-indent: -1.59cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">PERKENI.
2006. </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Konsensus
Pengelolaan </i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>d</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>an
Pencegahan Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 </i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>d</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>i
Indonesia.</i></span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: #ffffff; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.5cm; text-indent: -1.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Rosdiyatun,
2005. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Hubungan
Pengetahuan Bahan Makanan Penukar Dengan Kepatuhan Diet Pada
Penderita Diabetes Melitus Tipe II</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">,
</span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Online</span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">,
</span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;"><u></u></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><u>http://jtptums-gdl-UMS
Digital Library-GDL 4_0.htm</u></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">,
diakses 15 </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Desember
2012</span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;"></span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Sediaoetomo,
Achmad Djaeni. 2004. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>Ilmu
Gizi</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">.
Jakarta : PT. Dian Rakyat</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.27cm; text-indent: -1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Soegondo,
Soewondo, Subekti. 2009. </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Penatalaksanaan
Diabetes Mellitus Terpadu</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">,
Balai </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Penerbit
FKUI, Jakarta.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.59cm; text-indent: -1.59cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Subroto,
M. Ahkam. 2006. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>Ramuan
Herbal untuk Diabetes Mellitus</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">.
Jakarta : Penebar Swadaya</span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.59cm; text-indent: -1.59cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Sudoyo,
Aru W, dkk. 20</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">0</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">6.
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Buku
Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">,
Pusat Penerbitan Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, FKUI, Jakarta. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: #ffffff; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.5cm; text-indent: -1.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Sugiyono,
2007. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"><i>Statistika
untuk Penelitian</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">.
Jakarta: Alfabeta</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: #ffffff; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.5cm; text-indent: -1.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Suhardjo.
2003. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>Berbagai
Cara Pendidikan Gizi</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">.
Cetakan kedua. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: #ffffff; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.5cm; text-indent: -1.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Suliha,
Herawati, dkk. 2002. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>Pendidikan
Kesehatan Dalam Keperawatan</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">.
Jakarta: EGC.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-left: 1.56cm; margin-top: 0.05cm; text-indent: -1.56cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">Suwarsono,
2000. </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>Pengaruh
Frekuensi Penyuluhan Gizi Terhadap Kepatuhan Gizi Terhadap Kepatuhan
Diit Dalam Penurunan Kadar Gula Darah</i></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="id-ID">.
</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tugas Akhir.
Tidak diterbitkan, Universitas gajah Mada, Yogyakarta.</span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.27cm; text-indent: -1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Tjokroprawiro,
Askandar. 1991. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>Diabetes
Mellitus, Klasifikasi, Diagnosis, dan Dasar – Dasar Terapi</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">.
Jakarta : Gramedia Pustaka Utama.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="western" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-left: 1.27cm; text-indent: -1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">Tjokroprawiro,
Askandar. 2006. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID"><i>Hidup
Sehat dan Bahagia Bersama Diabetes Mellitus. Jakarta</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="id-ID">
: Gramedia Pustaka Utama</span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-left: 1.58cm; margin-top: 0.05cm; text-indent: -1.56cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="sv-SE">Waspadji,
Sarwono. 2004. </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="sv-SE"><i>Daftar
Bahan Makanan Penukar</i></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="sv-SE">.
Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI</span></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-19055201870901984042012-06-24T02:31:00.002-07:002012-06-24T02:31:25.793-07:00DPR Targetkan RUU Keperawatan Selesai Tahun ini<div style="color: yellow;">
<strong>Jakarta </strong>Kamis,
05/04/2012 20:10 WIB Rancangan Undang-undang Keperawatan (RUU
Keperawatan) menjadi prioritas pembahasan pada tahun ini karena sudah
diputuskan prolegnas 2012. Komisi IX DPR RI sepakat untuk menargetkan
RUU Keperawatan akan selesai tahun ini.”Kita di Komisi IX DPR semangat
menargetkan <span id="more-1034"></span>selesai pembahasan RUU
Keperawatan pada tahun ini. Jadi, mohon dukungan dan sarannya,”
ujar anggota PanjaRUU Keperawatan Herlini Amran, dalam rilisnya yang
diterima<em>Jurnalparlemen.com</em>, Kamis (5/4).Legislator Partai
Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) ini melanjutkan bahwa sebenarnya RUU ini sudah
dicetuskan sejak tahun 1989. Akan tetapi, RUU Keperawatan baru diajukan
ke DPR tahun 2004, namun sampai hari ini belum jelas keberadaannya.
</div>
<div style="color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
“Hari ini Panja Keperawatan sudah mulai melakukan pembahasan RUU
Keperawatan yang di pimpin oleh dr. Ahmad Nizar Shihab yang baru
dilantik menjadi ketua Panja RUU Keperawatan menggantikan dr. Ribka
Tjiptaning,” ujarnya.<br />
Menurut data Kementerian Kesehatan, jumlah perawat di Indonesia
sekitar 624.000 orang, sedangkan jumlah dokter mencapai 70.000 orang.<br />
Anggota DPR dapil Kepuluan Riau ini mengatakan, dengan jumlah lulusan
perawat yang besar tersebut merupakan potensi untuk pemerataan sumber
daya kesehatan ke seluruh wilayah di Tanah Air. Dan, hal itu diperkuat
fakta 60 persen tenaga kesehatan adalah perawat.<br />
“Apabila dibandingkan dengan jumlah penduduk berdasarkan Sensus 2010
sebanyak 237,6 juta orang maka rasio perawat terhadap penduduk adalah
262,6 orang perawat setiap 100.000 penduduk,” tuturnya.<br />
Beberapa tujuan dibentuknya RUU Keperawatan itu untuk memajukan
kesejahteraan umum sebagai salah satu tujuan nasional. Ini ; seperti
yang tercantum dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945, perlu diselenggarakan
pembangunan kesehatan.<br />
“Penyelengaraan pembangunan kesehatan diwujudkan melalui
penyelenggaraan pelayanan kesehatan, termasuk pelayanan keperawatan.
Dimana penyelengaraan pelayanan keperawatan harus dilakukan secara
bertanggung jawab, akuntabel, bermutu, aman, dan terjangkau oleh perawat
yang telah tersertifikasi, registrasi, dan lisensi,” ujarnya.<br />
Ia menambahkan, bahwa pengaturan mengenai keperawatan masih tersebar
di berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan dan belum memberikan
perlindungan dan kepastian hukum kepada perawat dan masyarakat sehingga
perlu diatur secara komprehensif.<br />
</div>
<span style="color: yellow;">
</span>
<div style="color: yellow;">
Sumber : <strong>jurnalparlemen.com</strong> - detikNews</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-75265931737210981802012-04-07T01:02:00.000-07:002012-04-07T01:02:17.103-07:00LAPORAN PENDAHULUAN ATRESIA ANI<div style="color: lime;"><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1090"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </div><h1 align="center" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">LAPORAN PENDAHULUAN</span></b></h1><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">ATRESIA ANI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">IMPERFORATA ANI (ATRESIA ANI)</span></div><h2 style="color: lime; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US">Definisi </span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Imperforata ani adalah tidak komplit perkembangan embrionik pada distal (anus) atau tertutupnya anus secara abnormal.</span></div><h2 style="color: lime; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US">Patofisiologi </span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Terdapat dua tipe yaitu tipe letak tinggi, yang mana terdapat penghalang diatas otot leverator ani. Tipe letak rendah adalah adanya penghalang dibawah otot leverataor ani.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Anus dan rectum berkembang dari embrionik bagian belakang. Ujung ekor dari bagian belakang beerkembang jadi kloaka yang merupakan bakat genetourinary da struktur anorektal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Terjadi stenosis anal karena adanya peyempitan pada pada kanal anorektal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Terjadi atresia anal karena tidak ada kelengkapan migrasi dan perkembangan struktur kolon antara 7 dan 10 minggu dalam perkembangana fetal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gangguan migrasi dapat juga karena kegagalan dalan agenesisi sakral dan abnormallitas pada uretra dan vagina.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tidak ada pembukaan usus besar yang keluar anus menyebabakan fecal tidak dapat dikeluarkan sehingga intestinal mengalami obstruksi.</span></div><h2 style="color: lime; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US">Komplikasi </span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Obstruksi intestinal.</span></div><h2 style="color: lime; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US">Etiologi </span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Secara pasti belum diketahui </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Merupakan anomali gastrointestinal dan genetourinary</span></div><h3 style="color: lime; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US">Manifestasi klinik</span></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kegagalan lewatnya mekonium saat atau setelah lahir.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tidak ada atau stenosis kanal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Adanya membran anal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Fistula eksterrnal pada perineum</span></div><h2 style="color: lime; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US">Panatalaksanaan terapeutik </span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pembedahan : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kolostomi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Transversokolostomi (kolostomi dikolon trangversum)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sigmoidostomi (kolostomi dikolon sigmoid)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bentuk yang aman adalah daoudle barret atau laran ganda.</span></div><h2 style="color: lime; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa keperawatan </span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Inkontinen bowel (tidak efektif fungsi ekskretorik) berhubungan dengan tidak lengkapnya pembentukan anus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gangguan integritas kulit berhubungan dengan kolostomi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Resiko infeksi beerhubungan dengan prosedur pembedahan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kecemasan keluarga berhubungan dengan prosedur permbedahan dan kondisi bayi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kurangnya pengetahuan berhubungan dengan kebutuhan keperwatan dirumah dan pembedahan.</span></div><h2 style="color: lime; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US">Intervensi </span></h2><h1 style="color: lime; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa 1 dan 2</span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berikan perawatan kulit pada anoplasty dan jaga area tetap bersih </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kaji adanya kemerahan, bengkak, dan drainase</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Posisikan bayi miring kesamping dengan kaki fleksi atau dengan kaki prone dan panggul ditinggikan untuk mengurangi edema dan tekanan pada area pembedahan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gunakan kantong kolostomi yang hipoalergi untuk melindungi kalit yang sensitif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Petahankan puasa dan berikan terapi hidrasi melalui IV sampai fungsi usus normal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kaji kolostomi : warna harus pink, dan tidak ada purulen, pembengkakan atau kerusakan kulit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Dilatasikan anal setelah pembedahan sesuai program </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Diagnosa 3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kaji tanda – tanda infeksi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mengganti balutan dengan teknik steril </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hindari bahan – bahan yang dapat mengkontaminasi insisi pembedahan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Jaga kulit tetap kering dan tidak ada pembesaran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pantau kolostomi dengan konstan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Diagnosa 4</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ajarkan untuk mengekspresikan perasaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berikan onformasi tentang kondisi, pembedahan dan perawatan dirumah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ajarkan keluarga untuk berpartitisifasi dalam perawatan bayi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berikan pujian pada orangtua saat melakuakan perawatan pada bayi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Lakukan boding orangtua – bayi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Jelaskan kebutuhan terapi : IV, NGT, pengukuran tanda – tanda vitaldan pengkajian </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Diagnosa 5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ajarkan perawatan kolostomi dan partisifasi keluarga dalam perawatan sampai mereka dapat melakukan perawatan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Konsulkan keperwat enterostomal bila perlu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berikan pujian saat melakukan perawatan dan jawab pertanyaan secara jujur apa yang dibutuhkan keluarga </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ajarkan untyuk mengenal tanda – tand dan gejala yang perlu dilaporkan pada perwat , dokter, atau perawat enterostomal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ajarkan bagaimana memberikan pengamanan pada bayi dan melakukan dilatasi pada anal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berikan instruksi secara tertulis dan verbal tentang alat – alat yang dibutuhkan untuk perwatan dirumah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tekankan tetap mengadakan stimulasi pada bayi untuk mensupport tumbuh kembang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h4 align="left" style="color: lime; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">Buku Sumber :</span></h4><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Suriadi dan Yuliani,</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rita. 2001<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. Asuhan Keperawatan Pada Anak</i></b>. Edisi I. Pt FAJAR INTERPRATAMA </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</tbody></table><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PATOFISIOLOGI ATRESIA ANI POST OPERASI</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 66px; left: -15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; top: 0px; width: 678px; z-index: 251625472;"><img height="66" src="file:///C:/Users/DEBBY/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="678" /></span><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-45659253874256198972012-04-07T00:57:00.000-07:002012-04-07T00:57:16.603-07:00LAPORAN PENDAHULUAN AUTISME PADA ANAK<div style="color: lime;"><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="2050"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </div><h4 style="color: lime; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> LAPORAN PENDAHULUAN </span></h4><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AUTISME PADA ANAK</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 19.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">KONSEP DASAR AUTISME</span></b></div><h3 style="color: lime; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Pengertian</span></b></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Autisme adalah gangguan perkembangan pervasif pada anak yang ditandai dengan adanya gangguan dan keterlambatan dalam bidang kognitif, bahasa, perilaku, komunikasi dan interaksi sosial. Autism hingga saat ini masih belum jelas penyebabnya. Dari berbagai penelitian klinis hingga saat ini masih belum terungkap dengan pasti penyebab autisme. Secara ilmiah telah dibuktikan bahwa Autisme adalah suatu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh muktifaktorial<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan banyak ditemukan kelainan pada tubuh penderita. Beberapa ahli menyebutkan autisme disebabkan karena terdapat gangguan biokimia, ahli lain berpendapat bahwa autisme disebabkan oleh gangguan psikiatri/jiwa. Terdapat juga pendapat seorang ahli bahwa autisme disebabkan oleh karena kombinasi makanan yang salah atau lingkungan yang terkontaminasi zat-zat beracun yang mengakibatkan kerusakan pada usus besar yang mengakibatkan masalah dalam tingkah laku dan fisik termasuk autisme.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tetapi beberapa penelitian menunjukkan keluhan autism dipengaruhi dan diperberat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh banyak hal, salah satunya karena manifestasi alergi. Renzoni A dkk tahun 1995 melaporkan autism<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berkaitan erat dengan alergi. Menage P tahun 1992 mengemukakan bahwa didapatkan kaitan IgE dengan penderita Autism.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obanion dkk 1987 melaporkan setelah melakukan eliminasi makanan beberapa gfejala autisme tampak membaik secara bermakna. Hal ini dapat juga dibuktikan dalam beberapa penelitian yang menunjukkan adanya perbaikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gejala pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>anak autism yang menderita alergi, setelah dilakukan penanganan elimnasi diet alergi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Beberapa laporan lain mengatakan bahwa gejala autism semakin buruk bila manifestasi alergi itu timbul.</span></div><h3 style="color: lime; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US">Menurut Pendapat Lain Autisme </span></u><span lang="EN-US">Berasal Dari Kata Auto Yang Berarti Sendiri.</span></h3><h3 style="color: lime; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Autisme</u></i></b><u><span lang="EN-US"> </span></u><span lang="EN-US">diartikan oleh Lei Kanner dalam penelitiannya pada tahun 1943 adalah suatu gangguan metabolisme tubuh yang dapat menyebabkan kelainan pada seseorang sehingga secara tidak langsung individu tersebut dapat dikatakan “ hidup dalam dalam dunianya sendiri” (Dr. Melly Budhiman, 2002)</span></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Autisme infatil</span></u></i></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">adalah salah satu kelainan psikosis (istilah umu yang dipakai untuk menjelasakan suatu perilaku aneh dan tak dapat diprediksi berlanjut) yang berarti penarikan diri dan kehilangan kontak dengan realitas atau orang lain yang terjadi pada masa usia anak-anak (M.Sacharin, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Autisme</span></u></i></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">adalah ketidakmampuan anak untuk mengerti perilaku, apa yang mereka lihat, dengan yang mengakibatkan masalah yang cukup berat dalam hubungan sosialnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Autisme</span></u></i></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">merupakan istilah untuk sekumpulan gejal / masalah gangguan perkembangan pervasif pada 3 tahun pertama kehidupan karena adanya abnormalitas pada pusat otak, sehingga terjadi gangguan dalam interaksi sosialgangguan komunikasi dan gangguan perilaku.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Autisme</span></u></i></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">merupakan anak yang mengalami gangguan perkembangan pervasif yang ditandai dengan gangguan kualitatif dalam interaksi sosial, komunikasi dan adanya suatu pola yang dipertahankan dan diulang-ulang dalam perilaku minatdan kegiatan yang terjadi pada anak sebelum umur 3 tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Autisme bukanlah penyakit menular namun suatu gangguan perkembangan yang luas yang ada pada anak. Bahkan ada seorang ahli yang mengatakan bahwa autisme merupakan dasar dari manusia yang berkepribadian ganda (scizhophren).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Jenis Kelainan Autisme :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Childhood autisme yaitu kelainan pertumbuhan anak sejak lahir sampai usia 3 tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Atypical autisme yaitu kelainan pertumbuhan pada anak sesudah usia 3 tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Reff’s syndrom yang umumnya pada anak perempuan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Overach disorder associated with Mental Retardation and Stereotyped Movement.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Childhood Disintegrative Disorders.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Asperges Syndrom.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Other persasive development Disorder.</span></div><h3 style="color: lime; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Etiologi</span></b></h3><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="color: lime; margin-left: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Penyebab kelainan ini masih belum diketahui secara pasti dan masih dalam tahap penelitian, tetapi dalam beberapa asumsi menyatakan bahwa penyebab dan faktor pencetus autisme dapat berasal, dari (Dr. Melly Budhiman, 2002) :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Lingkungan yang terpapar oleh organisme atau bahan beracun seperti virus, jamur, rubella, herpes toxoplasma dalam vaksin imunisasi MMR (Mums, Measles, Rubella), zat aditif yaitu MSG, pewarna, ethil mercury (Thimerosal) dalam pengawetmakanan, serta beberapa logam berat seperti Arsen (As), Cadmium (Cd), Raksa (Hg), Timbal (Pb), alergi berat, obat-obatan, jamu peluntur, muntah hebat, perdarahan berat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Adanya gangguan pencernaan dan radang dinding usus karena alergi sehingga terjadi ketidak sempurnaan pencernaan kasein dan gluten.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kelainan otak organik, hal ini dimungkinkan karena adanya kelainan SSP yaitu jumlah serat Purkinje Cerebellum yang diikuti oleh dampak menurunnya jumlah serotonin sehingga jumlah rangsang informasi antar otak menurun. Pada struktur sistem limbik otak yang mengatur emosi juga mengalami kelainan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Faktor genesis atau keturunan (yang diperkirakan menjadi penyebab utama) dan kelainan gen yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan proses sekresi logam berat dari tubuh yang dapat berdampak pada keracunan otak. Hal ini dapat menjadi pencetus autisme jika ada faktor pemicu lain yang ikut berperan.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="color: lime; margin-left: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Faktor pemicu lain yang berperan dalam timbulnya gejala Autisme adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan Otak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Organik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian otak yang mengalami kelainan adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lobus Parietalis otak, yang menyebabkan anak cuek terhadap lingkungannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Otak kecil (cerebellum) pada lobus VI dan VII yang bertanggung jawab pada proses sensoris, daya ingat, berpikir, belajar berbahasa dan proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atensi (perhatian). Juga didapatkan jumlah sel purkinje di otak kecil yang sangat sedikit, sehingga terjadi gangguan keseimbangan serotonin dan dopamin, lalu terjadi kekacauan impuls di otak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem Limbik yang disebut hippocampus dan amygdala, yang mengganggu fungsi kontrol terhadap agresi dan emosi. Amygdala bertanggung jawab terhadap berbagai rangsang sensoris, Hippocampus bertanggung jawab terhadap fungsi belajar dan daya ingat, sehingga terjadilah kesulitan menyimpan informasi baru.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor Genetika</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diperkirakan adanya kelainan kromosom pada anak autisme.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan Kehamilan dan Kelahiran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan pada ibu saat kehamilan semester pertama</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor pemicunya adalah : infeksi (toksoplasmosis, rubella, candida), logam berat (Pb, Al, Hg, Cd), zat aditif (MSG, pengawet, pewarna), alergi berat, obat-obatan, jamu peluntur, hiperemesis dan perdarahan hebat.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="color: lime; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kelahiran yang lama (partus lama) dimana terjadi gangguan nutrisi dan oksigenasi pada janin serta pemakaian forcep.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terjadi sesudah lahir yaitu infeksi ringan-berat pada bayi oleh karena imunisasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MMR dan Hepatitis B (masih kontroversi), logam berat, zat pewarna dan pengawet, protein susu sapi (kasein), protein tepung terigu (gluten), infeksi jamur akibat pemakaian antibiotik yang berlebihan.</span></div><h3 style="color: lime; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Gejala</span></b></h3><h3 style="color: lime; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">Perilaku autisme dapat digolongkan dalam 2 jenis :</span></h3><h3 style="color: lime; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Eksesif (berlebihan) misalnya hiperaktif, tantrum, menjerit, mengepak, menggigit, mencakar, memukul, sering terjadi self abuse.</span></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Defisit (kekurangan) misalnya gangguan bicara, perilaku sosial kurang sesuai, defisit sensori, emosi tidak tepat (tertawa tanpa sebab, menangis tanpa sebab dan melamun).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Umumnya penderita autis infantil memperlihatkan pertumbuhan fisik yang wajar dan normal seperti pada tingkat kemampuan gerak (berjalan, merangkak, berdiri), kemampuan bercakap-cakap, dan berinteraksi dengan lingkungannya. Anak dengan autis juga dapat meniru beberapa lagu yang didengarkannya atau dapat mengunakan panca indranya dengan normal dan luas ketika mengeksploraesi lingkungannya. Walaupun terdapat kenormalan pada proses pertumbuhannya, pada anak penderita autis didapati keterbatasan dalam memfungsikan organnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Misalnya :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sulit berbicara (Aphasia), pada pertumbuhan anak normal didapati kelancaran bicara pada usia 12-14 bulan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sulit menggerakkan badan karena gangguan saraf motorik (Apraxia).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sulit menggerakkan otot (Athaxia)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tangan terus bergerak dan tak terkendali (Athetoid).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mengalami kesulitan membaca(Dyslexia).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mengalami kesulitan dalam mengucapkan kata atau kalimat yang sulit dan rumit (Dyphasia).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sulit menggerakkan kaki dan tangan (Dyskinesia) karena kekakuan otot kaki dan tangan (Spastic) atau kelemasan ototkaki dan tangan (hipotonic) sehingga tak mampu untuk mengembangkan kemampun duduk, berdiri dan berjalan secara mandiri, pada pertumbuhan anak normal didapati kemampuan untuk berdiri sendiri dan berjalan pada usia 6-18 bulan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Terdapat kegagalan untuk memberikan respon terhadap rangsang nyeri sehingga anak sering terlihat menyakiti diri sendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mungkin didapatkan adanya kelainan bentuk jari tangan dan kaki yang nantinya juga dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan mental, kejiwaan, dan intelektual.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Anak autis dapat menunjukkan pertumbuhan fisik normal hingga sekitar usia 2 tahun setelah itu didapati penurunan kesehatan yang drastic, Kriteria DSM-IV (Diagnostik dan Stastistikal Manual) autisme ,Harus ada sedikitnya 6 gejala dari 1,2 dan 3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gangguan kualitatif dalam interaksi sosial yang timbal balik. Minimal 2 gejala :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tak mampu menjalin interaksi sosial yang cukup memadai, kontak mata kurang, ekspresi muka kurang hidup, gerak gerik kurang tertuju.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tak bisa main dengan teman sebaya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tak dapat merasaka apa yang dirasa orang lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kurangnya hubungan sosial dan emosional yang timbal balik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gangguan kualitatif dalam komunikasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bicara terlambat / bahkan sama sekali tak berkembang (dan tak ad usaha untuk mengimbangi komunikasi dengan cara lain tanpa bicara).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bila bisa bicara tak dipakai untuk komunikasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Cara main kurang variatif, kurang imajinatif, kurang bisa meniru.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menggunakan bahasa aneh dan diulang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Suatu pola yang dipertahankan dan diulang dari perilaku, minat dan kegiatan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pertahankan 1 minat atau lebih dengan cara yang khas dan berlebih.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Terpaku suatu kegiatan ritualistik/ rutinitas tidak berguna, menolak suatu perubahan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gerakan aneh yang khas dan diulang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sering terpukau pada bagian benda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sebelum umur 3 tahun tampak adanya keterlambatan / gangguan dalam bidang :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Interaksi sosial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bicara dan berbahasa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Cara bermain yang kurang variatif</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bukan disebabkan oleh Reff’s Syndrom.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ciri Dan Mitos Autisme</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Referensi baku yang dipakai untuk menjelaskan jenis autisme adalah standar Amerika DSM revisi keempat (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) yang memuat kriteria yang harus dipenuhi dalam melakukan diagnosa autisme. Diagnosa ini hanya dapat dilakukan oleh tim dokter / praktisi ahli bersadarkan pengamatan seksama terhadap perilaku anak autisme dan disertai konsultasi dengan orang tua anak. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada kenyataanya, sangat sulit untuk membagi kategory / jenis autisme mengingat tidak ada / jarang ditemukan antara satu dan lain penyandang autisme yang mempunyai gejala yang sama. Setiap penyandang autisme mempunyai ke-'khas'-annya sendiri sendiri. Dengan kata lain ada 1001 jenis atau mungkin satu juta satu jenis autisme di dunia ini yang tidak dapat diperinci satu persatu. Istilah yang lazim dipakai saat ini oleh para ahli adalah 'kelainan spektrum autisme' atau ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Anak yang telah didiagnosa dan masuk dalam kategori PDD mempunyai persamaan dalam hal kekurang mampuan bersosialisasi dan berkomunikasi akan tetapi tingkat kelainan-nya (spektrum-nya) berbeda satu dengan lainnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Seperti dikatakan oleh Ibu Dra Dyah Puspita (psikolog) quote - karena begitu banyaknya jenis / ciri penyandang autisme, sehingga lebih berupa rangkaian dari kelabu muda sekali hingga kelabu tua sekali... (banyak nuansa-nya) . Penggunaan istilah autisme berat/parah dan autisme ringan dapat menyesatkan karena jika dikatakan berat/parah orang tua dapat merasa frustasi dan berhenti berusaha karena merasa tidak ada gunanya lagi. Sebaliknya jika dikatakan ringan/tidak parah maka orang tua merasa senang dan juga dapat berhenti berusaha karena merasa anaknya akan sembuh sendiri. Pada kenyataannya, baik ringan ataupun berat, tanpa penanganan terpadu dan intensif, penyandang autisme sulit mandiri - unquote.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar dapat membantu melihat beberapa kelompok besar spektrum autisme yang ada, dapat dilihat dari kategori utama dibawah ini:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan Autis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidakmampuan dalam bersosialisasi dan berkomunikasi. Sampai dengan umur 3 tahun mempunyai daya imajinasi yang tinggi dalam bermain dan mempunyai perilaku, minat dan aktifitas yang unik (aneh).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikategorikan sebagai ketidak mampuan dalam bersosialisasi dan mempunyai minat dan aktifitas yang terbatas tanpa adanya keterlambatan dalam kemampuan berbicara. Kecerdasannya berada pada tingkat normal atau diatas normal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PDD-NOS (Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atau biasa disebut Autis yang tidak umum dimana diagnosis PDD-NOS dapat dilakukan jika anak tidak memenuhi kriteria diagnosis yang ada (DSM-IV) akan tetapi terdapat ketidakmampuan pada beberapa perilakunya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan Rett</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidakmampuan yang semakin hari semakin parah (progresif). Sampai saat ini diketahui hanya menimpa anak perempuan. Pertumbuhan normal lalu diikuti dengan kehilangan keahlian yang sebelumnya telah dikuasai dengan baik- khususnya kehilangan kemampuan menggunakan tangan yang kemudian berganti menjadi pergerakan tangan yang berulang ulang dimulai pada umur 1 hingga 4 tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan Disintegrasi Masa Kanak-kanak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertumbuhan yang normal pada usia 1 sampai 2 tahun kemudian kehilangan kemampuan yang sebelumnya telah dikuasai dengan baik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kutipan dari tulisan Dr. Hardiono D. Pusponegoro SpA(K) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">"Klasifikasi autisme ditentukan berdasarkan kesepakatan para dokter dan dituangkan dalam Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM-IV) atau International Classification of Diseases 9 dan 10 (ICD-9 dan ICD-10). Dalam klasifikasi tersebut, diagnosis autisme harus memenuhi syarat tertentu. Bila tidak memenuhi semua kriteria diagnosis, digolongkan dalam PDD-NOS (Pervasive Developmental Disorders not otherwise specified). Akhir-akhir ini, banyak ditemukan kasus-kasus yang masih sangat kecil dengan gejala yang tidak khas. Khusus untuk kasus-kasus ini, kriteria DSM-IV atau ICD-9-10 sulit diterapkan. Beberapa peneliti mencoba membuat klasifikasi khusus untuk anak yang masih kecil dengan fokus pada tahapan perkembangan anak, disebut sebagai Diagnostic Classification: 0-3 (DC 0-3). Walaupun klasifikasi ini belum diterima secara menyeluruh, ada baiknya kita mempelajarinya. Dalam DC 0-3, ada beberapa klasifikasi untuk anak-anak yang menunjukkan gejala mirip sekali dengan autisme misalnya Regulatory Disorder dan Disorders of Relating and Communicating dengan MSDD (Multisystem Developmental Disorder) sebagai salah satu contoh. Sebagian anak ini akan berkembang menjadi autisme, namun banyak di antaranya yang sangat responsif terhadap terapi dan berkembang menjadi anak yang normal. "</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertanyaan seputar MSDD (Multisystem Developmental Disorder) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam klasifikasi DSM IV tidak ada istilah MSDD. Hanya Gangguan Autistik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk yang memenuhi kriteria dan PDD NOS (Pervasive Developmental Disorders Not Otherwise Specified) untuk yang tidak memenuhi kriteria.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi Yang Menyebut Tentang MSDD Dibuat Oleh Sekelompok Peneliti Yangdisebut Sebagai Klasifikasi 0-3 (Diagnostic Classification:0-3). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DC:0-3 berpendapat bahwa ada kasus-kasus dimana gangguan interaksi dan komunikasi terjadi sekunder terhadap kesulitan pemrosesan input sensoris, sehingga kasus-kasus ini lebih fleksibel dan memberi respons yang baik terhadap intervensi dini. Gangguan prosesing menyebabkan gangguan komprehensi/ pengertian, dan kesanggupan melakukan ekspresi atau aksi. Istilah MSDD menggambarkan bahwa anak mengalami gangguan sensoris multipel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan interaksi sensori-motor. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3 pola MSDD: </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola A: Anak tidak mempunyai tujuan dan tidak mengadakan hubungan untuk sebagian besar waktunya. Mereka menunjukkan kesulitan yang menonjol dalam perencanaan gerak, sehingga tidak memperlihatkan suatu mimik yang sederhana sekalipun. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola B: Anak-anak ini memperlihatkan pola hubungan yang intermiten. Merekadapat menunjukkan mimik yang sesuai sekali-sekali.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola C: Anak-anak ini memperlihatkan hubungan yang lebih konsisten.Jadi bila berpegang pada DSM-IV hanya ada Gangguan Autistik dan PDD-NOS,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalau berpegang pada DC:0-3 ada MSDD dengan 3 pola, pola A paling berat, B lebih ringan, C paling ringan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">8.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indikator Perilaku</span></b></div><h5 style="color: lime; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bahasa</span></h5><h5 style="color: lime; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ekspresi wajah yang datar</span></h5><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tidak menggunakan bahasa / isyarat tubuh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Jarang memulai komunikasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tidak meniru aksi dan suara</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bicara sedikit / tidak ada mungkin cukup verbal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Membeo kata / ekolia (bicara yang mengulang kata)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Intonasi atau ritme vokal yang aneh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tampak tidak mengerti arti kata</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mengerti dan menggunakan kata secar terbatas (Literally, letterlik)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hubungan dengan orang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tidak responsif</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tidak ada senyum sosial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tidak komunikasi dengan mata</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kontak mata terbatas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tampak asyik bila dibiarkan sendiri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tidak melakukan permainan giliran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menggunakan tangan dewasa sebagai alat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menarik diri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hubungan dengan lingkungan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bermain repetitif / diulang </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Marah atau tidak menghendaki perubahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berkembangnya rutinitas yang kaku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Memperlihatkan ketertarikan sangat dan tidak fleksibel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Respon terhadap rangsangan indra</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kadang seperti tuli</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Panik / ketakutan terhadap suara tertentu yang akan mengarah anak mangalami gangguan mental psikotik paranoid, schizonypal (menyendiri), histionik (selalu ingin diperhatikan).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sensitif terhadap suara</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Main dengan cahaya dan pantulan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Memainkan jari didepan mata</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tidak suka terhadap pakaian dan makanan tertentu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tertarik pola/ tekstur/ bentuk tertentu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hiper/ inaktif</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Memutar-mutar, membentur-benurkan kepala, menggigit pergelangan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Lompat-lompat/ mengepakkan tangan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tahan / respon aneh terhadap nyeri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sering mengedipkan mata</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Wajah sering menyeringai</span></div><h3 style="color: lime; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Patofisiologi</span></b></h3><h3 style="color: lime; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Diperkirakan bahwa genetik merupakan penyebab utama dari autisme. Tapi selain itu juga faktor lingkungan misal terinfeksi oleh bahan beracunyang akan merusak struktur tubuh. Selain itu bahan-bahan kimia juga dapat menyebabkan autisme.karena kita ketahui bahwa bila bahan tersebut masuk dalam tubuh akan merusak pencernaan dan radang dinding usus karena alergi. Bahan racun masuk melalui pembuluh darah yang bila tidak segera diatasi bisa menuju ke otak kemudian bereaksi dengan endhorphin yang akan mengakibatkan perubahan perilaku. </span></h3><h3 style="color: lime; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Anak dengan autisme mengalami gangguan pada otaknya yang terjadi karena infeksi yang disebabkan oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jamur, logam berat, zat aditif, alergi berat,obat-obatan, kasein dan gluten. Infeksi tersebut terjadi pada saat bayi dalam kandungan maupun setelah lahir. Kelainan yang dialami anak autisme terjadi pada otak bagian lobus parietalis, otak kecil (cerebellum) dan pada bagian sistem limbik. Kelainan ini menyebabkan anak mengalami gangguan dalam berpikir, mengingat dan belajar berbahasa serta dalam proses atensi. Sehingga anak dengan autisme kurang berespon terhadap berbagai rangsang sensoris dan terjadilah kesulitan dalam menyimpan informasi baru.</span></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Terapi dan Penatalaksanan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Terapi dan stimulasi mana yang diperlukan? Kita kembali kepada kenyataan bahwa terapi bersifat individual dan harus disesuaikan dengan umur, fase perkembangan dan gejala yang ditemukan. Tidak ada metode yang 100% paling baik untuk semua anak. Para terapis yang menggunakan berbagai metode berlainan harus bekerjasama dengan baik. Bila kasus tidak mengalami kemajuan dengan satu metode terapi, harus dilakukan terapi kombinasi atau dicari cara terapi yang lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Apakah peran obat-obatan? Karena penyebab belum diketahui dengan pasti, obat biasanya hanya ditujukan untuk menghilangkan gejala yang sangat mengganggu. Contoh paling klasik adalah perilaku self-injurious yang sangat berbahaya karena anak mencoba melakukan hal yang menyakiti atau merusak diri sendiri misalnya membenturkan kepala ke tembok atau lantai, memukul kepala dengan sangat keras, atau menggigit anggota tubuhnya. Dua puluh persen penyandang autisme mengalami kejang atau epilepsi. Hal ini juga harus mendapat obat yang tepat. Ini berarti bahwa terapi obat untuk penyandang autisme bersifat sangat individual. Bila dokter menganggap bahwa anak memerlukan pengobatan khusus, sebaiknya hal tersebut didiskusikan dengan orang tua. Orang tua harus mendapat penjelasan mengapa perlu diberikan, bagaimana cara mengkonsumsi obat, efek samping yang mungkin terjadi dan lain-lain. Dokter juga harus menghargai pendapat orang tua bila mereka tidak menginginkan terapi obat-obatan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam bidang yang masih merupakan grey area, dokter dan orang tua harus memahami bahwa tidak semua publikasi kedokteran atau publikasi lain adalah benar atau sahih. Dokter harus mempelajari teknik menilai Evidence-based medicine sehingga mereka dapat menentukan apakah suatu publikasi memang benar atau kurang benar, dan mendiskusikan hal tersebut dengan orang tua. Selanjutnya, karena ilmu kedokteran belum dapat memberi jawaban yang pasti, muncul berbagai terapi komplementer dan alternatif. Bila terapi komplementer dan alternatif ini memang merupakan hasil suatu penelitian yang sahih, pasti akan di adopsi oleh dunia kedokteran sebagai terapi standar. Dokter dan orang tua harus waspada terhadap laporan anekdotal, testimoni, serta berbagai klaim berlebihan mengenai kesembuhan, terutama bila teknik pengobatan tersebut memerlukan kepatuhan, waktu, enerji, dan biaya yang berlebihan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bila keluarga sudah memutuskan untuk memberikan terapi komplementer atau alternatif, lakukanlah diskusi dengan dokter anda. Barangkali dokter dapat memberi bantuan mengenai bagaimana cara mengevaluasi terapi, menentukan hasil yang harus diperoleh, menentukan kemungkinan efek samping dan menentukan apakah terapi dapat diteruskan karena bermanfaat atau dihentikan karena tidak bermanfaat atau ada efek samping. Berilah kesempatan kepada dokter untuk mempelajari terapi alternatif tersebut dan mendiskusikannya dengan anda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Akhirnya, khusus dalam bidang autisme tidak ada yang dapat mengklaim diri sebagai pakar, tidak ada juga yang dapat mengklaim bahwa autisme milik suatu subspesialisasi tertentu. Kerjasama antara dokter, terapis dan orang tua sangat penting demi kemajuan anak, jangan saling merasa benar sendiri atau saling menyalahkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tetapi Menurut Beberapa Sumber Ada Terapi Yang Biasanya Digunakan Yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Terapi perilaku misal dengan Tx. Okupasi, Tx. Wicara, sosialisasi dengan menghilangkan perilaku yang tidak benar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Terapi perilaku pada anak dengan autisme berguna untuk mengurangi perilaku yang tidak lazim dan menggantinya dengan perilaku yang bisa diterima oleh masyarakat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Terapi Okupasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Terapi okupasi pada anak dengan autisme bertujuan untuk membantu menguatkan, memperbaiki koordinasi dan ketrampilan ototnya karena kadang anak autisme juga mempunyai perkembangan motorik yang kurang baik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Terapi Wicara</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Speech Therapy merupakan suatu keharusan karena semua penyandang autisme mempunyai keterlambatan bicara dan kesulitan berbahasa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sosialisasi dengan menghilangkan perilaku yang tidak wajar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Terapi ini dimulai dari kepatuhan dan kontak mata, kemudian diberikan pengenalan konsep atau kognitif melalui bahasa reseptif dan ekspresif. Setelah itu barulah anak dapat diajarkan hal-hal yang bersangkutan dengan tata krama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Terapi Biomedik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Obat-obatan untuk autisme sifatnya sangat individual dan perlu berhati-hati, sebaiknya dosis dan jenisnya diserahkan kepada dokter spesialis yang memahami autisme.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Jenis obat, food suplement dan vitamin yang sering dipakai saat ini untuk anak autisme adalah risperidone (Risperdal), ritalin, baloperidol, pyridoksin (vit. B6), DMG (vit. B15), TMG, magnesium, omega-3 dan omega- 6.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sosialisasi school regular</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Anak dengan autisme yang telah mampu bersosialisasi dan berkomunikasi dengan baik dapat dicoba untuk memasuki sekolah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>normal sesuai dengan umurnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekolah Khusus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di dalam pendidikan khusus ini biasanya telah diramu terapi perilaku, terapi wicara dan terapi okupasi dan bila perlu dapat ditambah dengan terapi obat-obatan, vitamin dan nutrisi yang memadai.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada saat ini masih belum terdapat terapi medis maupun psikologis yang dianggap efektif dalam proses penyembuhan autis ini. Tujuan umum terapi pada autis ini menurut Sacharin (1995) ialah untuk membantu mengatasi cacatnya dan mengembangkan ketrampilan sosialnya. Farmakoterapi pada penderita auits hany a bermanfaat untuk menangani masalah penyimpangan perilaku ( gelisah, selalu ribut, dan berusaha untuk melukai diri sendiri)yaitu dengan <u>Tionidazin dan Klorpromazin.</u> Keadaan tidak bisa tidur dapat diatasi dengan <u>Sedatif(Kloralhidrat), </u>konvulsi dapat diatasi dengan Antikonvulsant, dan hiperkinesis dapat diatasi dengan diit bebas pengawet. Metode terapi non farmakologis dapat berupa dukungan Reward-punishment yaitu pemberian haida sebagai dorongan positif dan dorongan negatif berupa hukuman.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sedangkan pada terapi yang diterapkan oleh Dr. Amdreas Rett (Peduliautisme.org) didapatkan 3 buah langkah terapi yang disebut dengan istilah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rehabilitasi :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tahapan yang pertama adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rehabilitasi dasar</i>, kegiatan ini ditujukan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan anak untuk menggerakkan tangan dan kaki, berbicara dan mengenali suara senormal mungkin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tahap kedua adalah tahap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rehabilitasi lanjutan</i> atau tahap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fungsiologis</i> yang nantinya diarahkan untuk memulihakan kelemahan yang tak dapat diatasi pada tahap sebelumnya, berisikan kegiatan pelatihan fisik lanjutan, pelatihan emosi kejiwaan, dan peningkatan intelektualitasdasar anak secara padu dalam kelompok bermain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tahap ketiga adalah tahap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rehabilitasi antisipasi Plateu or Pseudo-Stationery Stage</i>, yang diarahkan pada terapis dan orang tua anak untuk terus mengawasi anak dari tahapan makin sulit bergerrak ( Late Motor Deterioration) walaupun pada tahap 1 dan 2 telah mengalami kemajuan. Bentuk lain dari terapi autis yang ada pada masa sekarang ini pelatihan oleh sekolah autis yang bekerja sama dengan organisasi internasional penanggulangan autis yang salah satu bentuk pengajarannya adalah dengan melatih anak dengan berbicara sambil menatap wajah lawan bicara dan car duduk yang tenang. Informasi dalam bidang terapi autis yang sedang trend saat ini adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Kasein</u></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(susu, keju, yogurth, krim), dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Glutein</u></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>(terigu, tepung vanir, bulgur, gandum dan oath). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Keduanya adalah semacam protein enzim yang tak dapat dipecah oleh metabolisme tubuh penderita autis, kerusakan mukosa kecil akan menyebabkan bahan masuk melalui pembuluh darah. Bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>beracun dalam sawar darah terbawa ke otak dan kemudian beraksi dengan endhorphin sehingga muncul gangguan perilaku. Terapi seperti ini disebut terapi biomedis yang tujuannya adalah untuk memperbaiki sistem pencernaan dan menurunkan jumlah alergen yang masuk. Prinsip dari kelainan autis adalah kemunculannya disebabkan karena adanya daya tahan tubuh anak yang menurun, sehingga prinsip pengobatan ialah untuk meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh klien.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Lima</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kesembuhan :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berat ringannya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>derajat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Usia anak pertama tidak ditangani secara benar dan teratur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Intensitas penanganan, metode menetapkan 40 jam perminggu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">IQ anak </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Keutuhan pusat bahasa di otak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 19.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div><h3 style="color: lime; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Pengkajian</span></b></h3><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="color: lime; margin-left: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Dalam mengkaji anak autis adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pola tingkah laku anak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Cara mereka berinteraksi / berhubungan dengan orang lain</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Cara berkomunikasi secara verbal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Perkembangan mental</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Diagnosa</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sejauh ini tidak ditemukan tes klinis yang dapat mendiagnosa langsung autisme. Diagnosa yang paling tepat adalah dengan cara seksama mengamati perlilaku anak dalam berkomunikasi, bertingkah laku dan tingkat perkembangannya. Dikarenakan banyaknya perilaku autisme juga disebabkan oleh adanya kelainan kelainan lain (bukan autisme) sehingga tes klinis dapat pula dilakukan untuk memastikan kemungkinan adanya penyebab lain tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Karena karakteristik dari penyandang autisme ini banyak sekali ragamnya sehingga cara diagnosa yang paling ideal adalah dengan memeriksakan anak pada beberapa tim dokter ahli seperti ahli neurologis, ahli psikologi anak, ahli penyakit anak, ahli terapi bahasa, ahli pengajar dan ahli profesional lainnya dibidang autisme. Dokter ahli / praktisi profesional yang hanya mempunyai sedikit pengetahuan / training mengenai autisme akan mengalami kesulitan dalam men-diagnosa autisme. Kadang kadang dokter ahli / praktisi profesional keliru melakukan diagnosa dan tidak melibatkan orang tua sewaktu melakukan diagnosa. Kesulitan dalam pemahaman autisme dapat menjurus pada kesalahan dalam memberikan pelayanan kepada penyandang autisme yang secara umum sangat memerlukan perhatian yang khusus dan rumit. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hasil pengamatan sesaat belumlah dapat disimpulkan sebagai hasil mutlak dari kemampuan dan perilaku seorang anak. Masukkan dari orang tua mengenai kronologi perkembangan anak adalah hal terpenting dalam menentukan keakuratan hasil diagnosa. Secara sekilas, penyandang autisme dapat terlihat seperti anak dengan keterbelakangan mental, kelainan perilaku, gangguan pendengaran atau bahkan berperilaku aneh dan nyentrik. Yang lebih menyulitkan lagi adalah semua gejala tersebut diatas dapat timbul secara bersamaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Karenanya sangatlah penting untuk membedakan antara autisme dengan yang lainnya sehingga diagnosa yang akurat dan penanganan sedini mungkin dapat dilakukan untuk menentukan terapi yang tepat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Adapun Diagnosa Autis Yang Biasanya Terjadi Adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Resiko terjadi trauma b/d keinginan untuk bunuh diri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gangguan komunikasi verbal b/d keterlambatan dan gangguan Intelektual</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gangguan interaksi sosial b/d menarik diri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Implementasi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tujuan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Agar anak dapat menghindari benda-benda tajam atau benda-benda yang membahayakan dirinya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bina hubungan saling percaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hindari benda yang berbahaya di sekitar klien</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Observasi perilaku yang membahayakan klien</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berikan aktivitas yang positif untuk mengembangkan kemampuan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Dorong anak agar mau bermain dengan teman-temannya sebagai alat untuk distraksi agar tidak menyendiri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Beri reinforcement bila anak dapat mengurangi perilaku yang berbahaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tujuan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Anak dapat berkomunikasi dengan verbal sehingga ia dapat melakukan hubungan sosial engan orang lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bina hubungan saling percaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berikan stimuli untuk mengadakan interaksi dengan lingkungan misal dengan alat permainan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gunakan kata-kata / kalimat yang mudah dimengerti</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Libatkan keluarga dalam melakukan tindakan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Beri reinforcement bila anak berhasil</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tujuan :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Anak mampu mengadakan interaksi sosial dengan lingkungan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bina hibungan saling percaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Seringlah berinteraksi dengan anak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ajak anak untuk berinetraksi dengan teman sebayanya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Beri sentuhan lembut pada anak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Evaluasi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memantau perilaku anak apakah masih melakukan tindakan yang sekiranya membahayakan dirinya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengobservasi kemampuan anak dalam berkomunikasi, apakah ada hambatan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengobservasi anak dalam berinteraksi sosial dengan orang lain, apakah anak sudah merasa senang dan nyaman.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">REFERENSI :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Handojo. 2003. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Auits</u></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i>Jakarta : PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Soetjiningsih.1995. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Tumbuh Kembang</u></i></b> Anak..Jakarta : EGC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Staf Pengajar Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FKUI. 1998. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Ilmu Kesehatan Anak</u></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i>Jakarta : Infomedika.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ward, N I.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Assessment of chemical factors in relation to child hyperactivity</u></i></b>. J.Nutr.& Env.Med. (ABINGDON) 7(4);1997:333-342.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://www.microsoft.com/isapi/redir/Autismepenelitian.autisme/padaanak/.dll?prd=ie&pver=6&ar=msnhome"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">http://www.microsoft.com/isapi/redir/Autismepenelitian.autisme/padaanak/.dll?prd=ie&pver=6&ar=msnhome</span></a></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://www.manajemenqolbu.com/new/isi/autisme/anak.2004.kolom.php?isi_id=303&produk_id=4"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">http://www.manajemenqolbu.com/new/isi/autisme/anak.2004.kolom.php?isi_id=303&produk_id=4</span></a></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://www.puterakembara.org/milis/journal/autisme5.shtml"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">http://www.puterakembara.org/milis/journal/autisme5.shtml</span></a></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">htpp://www.allergycenter/allergy Hormone.</span></u></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">htpp://www.allergies/wkm/behaviour. </span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">htpp://www.allergycenter/UCK/allergy.</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disusun Guna Memenuhi Tugas Dari Mata Kuliah </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keperawatan Anak I (KJR 212)</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 212px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 200px; z-index: -2;"><img height="212" src="file:///C:/Users/DEBBY/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" width="200" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disusun Oleh :</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 28px; left: 0px; margin-left: 120px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 306px; z-index: -1;"><img alt="ANANG SATRIANTO" height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/DEBBY/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="306" /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(0201100002 / II.A)</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DEPARTEMEN KESEHATAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">POLITEKNIK KESEHATAN MALANG</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PROGRAM STUDI KEPERAWATAN MALANG</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">JURUSAN KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MALANG</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 62px; left: 0px; margin-left: 503px; margin-top: 44px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 74px; z-index: 1;"><img height="62" src="file:///C:/Users/DEBBY/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="74" /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2004</span></b></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-77000785114911493022012-04-07T00:52:00.002-07:002012-04-07T00:52:26.204-07:00Dampak Negatif Dan Positif Mie Instan<div style="color: lime;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
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mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
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mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
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mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Dampak Negatif Dan Positif Mie Instan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mie instan di klaim oleh beberapa pihak sebagai jenis makanan yang berbahaya karena mengandung lapisan lilin pada mie-nya. Lapisan ini sulit di cerna oleh tubuh dan perlu waktu sedikitnya dua hari sampai dapat dikeluarkan dar tubuh. Oleh karena itu, pihak-pihak yang mengklaim hal tersebut menghimbau agar masyarakat setidaknya memberi jarak 2 hari setelah mengkonsumsi mie instan sampai memakannya lagi. Mereka juga menyebutkan, konsumsi mie instan dalam jangka waktu lama dapat menimbulkan kanker karena tumpukan lilin di saluran pencernaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikut penjelasan dari informasi diatas:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam mengkonsumsinya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggunaan lilin sebagai pelapis produk mie yang telah diijinkan oleh FDA adalah penggunaan natural waxes yang terbuat dari food-grade vegetable (Jojoba oil, bayberry, castor, rice bran, soy wax), petroleum (Parafin, microcrystalline, petroleum jelly), beeswax (lilin yang dihasilkan oleh lebah), shellac- based wax (lilin yang dihasilkan oleh sejenis serangga Kierra Lacca) atau resin (lilin yang dihasilkan oleh jenis-jenis tumbuhan tertentu).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lilin-lilin diatas banyak digunakan di dalam industri makanan, biasanya sebagai pelapis buah-buahan agar tetap segar dan tidak mudah busuk selama melalui pengangkutan dari kebun, pasar sampai meja makan pembeli. Selain itu, kemungkinan besar industri jenis makanan lain (termasuk disini mie instan) menggunakan salah satu diantaranya untuk melapisi produknya agar tidak lengket saat dimasak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yang perlu diperhatikan disini adalah penggunaan petroleum sebagai pelapis makanan. Petroleum adalah campuran kompleks zat hidocarbon dalam berbagai berat jenis. Hidrocarbon adalah campuran hidrogen dan carbon. Menurut beberapa penelitian yang pernah saya baca dan informasi kesehatan lain yang saya dapat, hidrokarbon dapat memicu timbulnya kanker karena menginduksi perubahan atau mutasi gen.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selama ini kita tidak tahu, jika benar para produsen makanan tersebut menggunakan lilin sebagai pelapis produknya, lilin jenis apa yang digunakan, apakah petroleum atau jenis alami yang lain. Oleh karena itu, sebaiknya berhati-hati.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Disamping penggunaan lilin, kita juga harus memperhatikan penggunaan pewarna pada produk mie instan. Yang biasa kita temui adalah penggunaan warna kuning buatan, tartrazine. Pewarna buatan ini mempunyai beberapa efek samping negatif terhadap kesehatan berhubungan dengan penyakit asma. Mungkin sebagai konsumen, kita dapat memilih produk-produk makanan yang menggunakan pewarna alami seperti beta caroten (pewarna kuning alami). Selain pewarna, kita juga harus memperhatikan penggunaan MSG dan kadar natrium total pada mie instan yang biasanya mencapai sekitar seribu miligram. Kita semua pasti tahu, bahwa kadar garam yang terlalu tinggi tidak baik bagi penderita hipertensi, jantung dan ginjal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa hal positif darinya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebanyakan produk-produk mie instan telah melalui proses fortifikasi (seperti yang sudah pernah dibahas), yakni proses penambahan mikronutrien ke dalam produk. Mikronutrien ini seperti misalnya zat besi, asam folat, niasin, vitamin dan mineral seperti kalsium.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Baru-baru ini telah diperkenalkan jenis mie instan baru yang justru dapat membantu orang-orang yang mengalami kegemukan atau ingin berdiet, menurunkan berat badannya. Mie instan tersebut adalah mie yang menggunakan pectin sebagai salah satu bahan dasarnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pectin adalah polisakarida linear yang terutama terdiri dari asam galacturonic dan turunannya. Saat zat ini berada di dalam lambung dan terisi cairan, ia akan mengembang dan mengisi penuh perut, dan konsistensinya membuat lama berada dalam saluran pencernaan, sehingga memperlambat timbulnya rasa lapar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut penelitian, serat pectin dapat mengurangi absorbsi pada saluran pencernaan sehingga menurunkan level kolesterol darah, meningkatkan peristaltik usus, mengurangi konstipasi dan mengurangi resiko kanker saluran cerna.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hasil dari penelitian Instant Noodles with pectin for Weight Reduction menyebutkan bahwa efikasi penurunan berat badan dan pembentukan postur tubuh pada penggunaan mie instan dengan pectin lebih baik daripada mie instan dengan formula standar (tanpa pectin).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dari beberapa ulasan diatas dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa konsumsi mie instan tidak sepenuhnya berbahaya, bahkan bermanfaat selama dikonsumsi dalam jumlah yang tidak berlebihan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-22428388307205422582012-04-07T00:51:00.000-07:002012-04-07T00:51:19.038-07:00PROMOSI KESEHATAN HIV/AIDS<div style="color: yellow;"><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
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mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
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mso-para-margin-left:17.85pt;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
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</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">TUGAS PROMOSI KESEHATAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">HIV/AIDS</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 251px; left: 0px; margin-left: 189px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 239px; z-index: -1;"><img height="251" src="file:///C:/Users/DEBBY/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="239" /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Disusun oleh:</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; margin-left: 143.7pt; text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Agista Paramitha<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(0901100045)</span></b></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; margin-left: 143.7pt; text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Debby Syahru R<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(09011000</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">52)</span></b></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; margin-left: 143.7pt; text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Fathur Rohman<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(0901100060)</span></b></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; margin-left: 143.7pt; text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Fitriana<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>(0901100063)</span></b></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; margin-left: 143.7pt; text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Meita Trisna<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(0901100073)</span></b></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; margin-left: 143.7pt; text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Moch. Faris<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(0901100074)</span></b></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">KEMENTERIAN KESEHATAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">POLITEKNIK KESEHATAN KEMENKES MALANG</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">JURUSAN KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PROGRAM STUDI D-III KEPERAWATAN MALANG</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2011</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGERTIAN AIDS</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah AIDS itu?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AIDS </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">atau Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome merupakan kumpulan gejala penyakit akibat menurunnya system kekebalan tubuh oleh virus yang disebut HIV.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Acquired : didapat, bukan penyakit keturunan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Immune : system kekebalan tubuh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deficiency : kekurangan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Syndrome : kumpulan gejala-gejala penyakit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENYEBAB AIDS</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AIDS </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diebabkan oleh suatu jenis <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Retrovirus </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang disebut Human Deficiency Virus atau disingkat menjadi HIV.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah HIV itu?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HIV </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">atau Human Immunodeficiency Virus, adalah virus yang menyerang system kekebalan tubuh manusia dan kemudian menimbulkan AIDS. HIV menyerang salah satu jenis dari sel-sel darah putih yang bertugas menangkal infeksi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TANDA DAN GEJALA HIV-AIDS,</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala Mayor</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada orang dewasa terdiri dari :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan berat badan lebih dari 10%</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diare kronik lebih dari satu bulan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demam lebih dari satu bulan ( continue/intermitten)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada anak terdiri dari :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan berat badan atau pertumbuhan lambat yang abnormal</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diare kronik lebih dari satu bilan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demam lebih dari satu bulan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala Minor</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada orang dewasa terdiri dari:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batuk lebig dari satu bulan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dermatitis pruritus umum.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Herpes zoster rekuren</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kandidiasis orafaring</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Limfadenopati umum.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Herpes simplex diseminata kronis nprogresif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada anak terdiri dari :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Limfadenopati umum</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kandidiasis orofaring</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi umum yang terulang ( otitis. Faringitis,dsb)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CARA PENULARAN </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melalui hubungan seksual dengan seorang yang sudah terinfeksi HIV tanpa memakai kondom.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melalui transfuse darah atau alat-alat yang telah tercemar HIV.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melalui ibu yang terinfeksi HIV kepada janin yang dikandungnya atau kepada bayi yang disusuinya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melalui pemakaian jarum suntik yang bergantian</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HIV Tidak Ditularkan melalui:</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jabatan tangan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciuman persahabatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kloset</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cangkir, pisau, alat dapur, serbet yang dipakai bersama</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alas tidur yang dipakai bersama</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggal bersama dalam rumah, flat atau tempat kerja.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makanan yang dimakan bersama </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batuk dan bersin</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menangis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makan di restoran</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari memijat, mencium, mansturbasi atau kontak tubuh non seksual</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai donor darah. Tindakan ini aman.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila yang dipakai untuk tindik telinga dan tattoo adalah baru atau tekah disterilisasi dengan baik sebelum digunakan pada anda.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila jarum akupuntur dan alat elektrolisis adalah baru atau telah di sterilisasi dengan baik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PERJALANAN HIV-AIDS</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana Perjalanan Penyakit HIV-AIDS itu?</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 57.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium I</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 57.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">infeksi dimulai dengan masuknya HIV dan di ikuti terjadinya perubahan serologic ketika antibody terhadap virus tersebut dari negative berubah menjadi positif. Lamanya antara 1-3 bulan bahkan bisa sampai 6 bulan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 57.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium II (asimptomatik/ tanpa gejala)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 57.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asimptomatik berarti bahwa di dalam organ tubuh terdapat HIV tetapi tubuh tidak menunjukan gejala-gejala. Keadaan ini dapat berlangsung rata-rata selama 5-10 tahun. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 57.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium III ( pembesaran kelenjar limfe)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 57.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase ini ditandai dengan pembesaran kelenja limfe secara menetap dan merata (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Persistent Generalize Lymphadenopathy), </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak hanya muncul pada satu tempat dan berlangsung lebih dari satu bulan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 57.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium IV (AIDS)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 57.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keadaan ini disertai adanya bermacam-macam penyakit, antara lain penyakit konstitusional, penyakit saraf, dan penyakit infeksi sekunder.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 57.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">TES HIV</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis tes apa saja yang dapat mendeteksi infeksi HIV ?</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Beberapa tes yang sering dipakai untuk menguji antibody HIV adalah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ELISA, LATEX AGLUTINATION, WESTERN BLOT</b>. Apabila hasil tes <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ELISA</b> atau <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LATEX</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">AGLUTINATION</b> menunjukkan seseorang terinfeksi HIV hasilnya perlu di konfirmasikan dengan tes <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">WSTERB BLOT</b> sebelum dipastikan sebagai HIV positif. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 14.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes tertentu juga dapat dilaksanakan nuntuk menguji antigen HIV, yaitu tes antigen p 24 atau polymerase cain reaction (PCR). PCR ini hanya dipakai untuk penelitian kasus-kasus yang sulit di deteksi dengan tes antibody. Misalnya untuk tes pada bayi yang lahir dari ibu HIV positif dan kasus-kasus yang diperkirakan berada dalam window period.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 57.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PENCEGAHAN HIV-AIDS</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana cara mencegah penularan HIV lewat hubungan seks ?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mencegah penularan HIV lewat hubungan seksual ada 3 cara, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abstinensi (atau puasa, tidak melakukan hubungan seks)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan prinsip monogamy yaitu tidak berganti-ganti pasangan dan saling setia pada pasangannya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk melakukan hubungan seksual yang mengandung resiko, dianjurkan melakukan seks aman termasuk menggunakan kondom.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.6pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana cara mencegah penularan lewat alat-alat yang tercemar HIV ?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0.45pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mencegah penularan lewat alat-alat yang tercemar darah HIV ada 2 hal yang perlu diperhatikan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua alat yang menembus kulit dan darah (seperti jarum suntik, jarum tattoo, atau pisau cukur) harus disterilisasi dengan cara yang benar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan memakai jarum suntik atau alat yang menembus kulit bergantian dengan orang lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana cara mencegah penularan HIV lewat tranfusi darah atau produk darah yang lain ?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mencegah penularan lewat tranfusi darah atau produk darah lain, perlu screening terhadap semua darah yang akan ditranfusikan atau yang akan dipergunakan untuk diproses sebagai produk darah. Jika darah ini ternyata sudah tercemar harus dibuang. Screening darah sudah dilakukan darah oleh PMI.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana cara mencegah penularan dari ibu yang terinfeksi HIV kepada janinnya ?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penularan dari ibu yang terinfeksi HIV kepada janinnya tidak selalu dapat dicegah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengobatan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sementara ini pengobatan untuk AIDS masih bersifat memperpanjang hidup dan memperbaiki kualitas hidupnya. Sampai saat ini belum ada obat yang dapat membasmi HIV. Walaupun demikian, akhir-akhir ini terdapat racikan baru yang dapat mengurangi kecepatan pertumbuhan HIV dan dianggap potensial untuk mengatasi AIDS.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada beberapa jenis obat yang diperlukan ODHA yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat penghambat HIV berkembang biak atau disebut obat golongan anti retroviral.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat anti jamur</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat untuk kanker Kaposi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat untuk tuberculosis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat untuk penyakit Cytomegalovirus yang menyerang retina.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat untuk pneumonia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obatan untuk penyakit infeksi lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obatan untuk mencegah timbulnya atau kambuhnya beberapa penyakit infeksi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: yellow; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">ICE CREAM</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Ice cream is the food is very tasty, everyone loved it, not just the kids. But behind the super-delicious taste that many issues about the negative effects, not just hearsay, but is supported by various studies. Reportedly ice cream can cause people who consume them so fat, can reduce fertility for women, and others.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Even so, the fans favorite ice cream also have confidence that ice cream has benefits for health. In fact, reportedly according to research in New Zealand, eating ice cream can overcome cancer.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
I do not know what is right, only you own that can feel. Here are some of the benefits of good and bad ice cream that might provide suggestions for you.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Negative Effect On The Brain Ice Cream</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
An ice cream product billboards on the street can make a stomach rumbling and it's hard to stop eating even though the stomach is full? Be careful, it could be sweet content of food has made you addicted.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
A study conducted UT Southwestern Medical Center, the United States found that fat from some foods such as burgers and ice cream can affect your brain.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Basically, people will stop eating when he had had enough. But if you eat feels so good, it is also difficult to stop even if the stomach is no longer able to contain it.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
This is because the fat molecules trigger the brain to send messages to the body's cells ignore signals to appetite-suppressing hormone. Suppressed the hormones that are leptin and insulin.<br />
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The researchers also found a certain type of fat molecule in beef, butter, cheese, and milk that can 'hypnotize' your brain to not stop eating.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Adverse Ice Cream for Fertility Women</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Behind the delights of ice cream there is an adverse impact that may not have a lot of people know, which reduces fertility. Ah, the time anyway? Although somewhat hard to believe, but a study made by researchers from the Nurses Health Study at Harvard School of Public Health, the U.S., it said that too much ice cream and other food products containing milk could increase the risk of infertility.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
According to the researchers, women who ate two or more foods containing milk every day, tend to be difficult to conceive in the absence of ovulation. Meanwhile, those who eat fatty foods and containing milk once per day, only 27 percent are experiencing this problem. The results are reported in the European journal Human Reproduction this week.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
But researchers also cautioned that the results of this research should not be trusted one hundred percent because of this research is only based on interviews with female respondents, rather than scientific research that specifically examines the ice cream. "The core of the publication of the results of this research is that women do not consume too much ice cream every day," said lead researcher, Dr. Jorge Chavarro from Harvard.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
The results of this study was also questioned by the researchers themselves. According to them, the researchers were not able to find links between infertiliti and dairy products in general. "The weight that is too extreme, either too thin or too fat, which would increase the risk of difficult pregnancy," says Dr.William Gibbons, president of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. According to him, overeating is not good, but too strict diet as well as bad for the process of reproduction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Ice Cream Able to Overcome Cancer</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Foods that are considered to be one cause of obesity or obesity is being developed to be used as a prescription to cure cancer.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Some researchers scientists from the University of Auckland in New Zealand, in cooperation with the largest dairy company Fonterra, is currently conducting research and creating desserts drugs that can combat the side effects of chemotherapy in cancer patients.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Ice cream named Recharge, it uses active ingredients from dairy products to reduce diarrhea, anemia and lack of appetite in people who are undergoing chemotherapy.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
In addition to finding the benefits of milk to cure cancer patients, researchers also found if the milk contained in the ice cream is believed to restore cancer patient's medical condition quickly. The study of ice cream was divided into two clinical trials that serves to reduce weight and improve the body's immune system after chemotherapy.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Of the few studies conducted, arguably, this study is the first research mengidentifiklasi number of milk fat and milk protein can protect from cancer drug side effects, and beneficial to the recovery of the patient's health.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
"The two milk bioactive components developed for rechargeable and has a unique potential to help the body in overcoming the side effects of chemotherapy," says Jeremy Hill, Fonterra Chief Technology Office, as quoted by the Telegraph,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Institute for cancer research in New Zealand has conducted a study of 10 cancer patients who are willing to volunteer for this research. Participants are given 100 grams of strawberry-flavored ice cream every day. Strawberry-flavored be an option because it is a popular flavor of many people.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
LactoPharma, partners between Fonterra and the University showed the impact of milk components for health. They are jointly investing U.S. $ 2 million or about Rp20 billion to develop the ice cream.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Ice cream is now being retested and conducted research in oncology centers in the area of Whangarei, Auckland, Waikato, Palmerston North, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin and Invercargill.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-4628021612155385802012-04-07T00:47:00.002-07:002012-04-07T00:47:33.489-07:00Es Krim atau Ice CReam<div style="color: yellow;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">ES KRIM</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Es krim memang makanan yang sangat enak, semua orang menyukainya, tidak hanya anak-anak. Tetapi di balik rasanya yang super enak itu banyak isu tentang efek negatifnya, bukan hanya kabar burung, tetapi didukung oleh berbagai penelitian. Kabarnya es krim bisa menyebabkan orang yang mengkonsumsinya jadi gemuk, dapat menurunkan kesuburan bagi para wanita, dan lain-lain.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
Meskipun begitu, para penggemar favorit es krim pun memiliki keyakinan bahwa es krim memiliki manfaat bagi kesehatannya. Bahkan kabarnya menurut penelitian di Selandia Baru, mengkonsumsi es krim dapat mengatasi kanker.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Entah mana yang benar, hanya anda sendiri yang dapat merasakan. Berikut adalah beberapa manfaat baik dan buruk es krim yang mungkin akan memberikan sugesti bagi anda.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
<strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pengaruh Negatif Es Krim Terhadap Otak</span></strong></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Sebuah reklame produk es krim di jalan bisa membuat perut terasa keroncongan dan sulit untuk berhenti makan walau perut sudah kenyang? Hati-hati, bisa jadi kadar manis makanan telah membuat Anda kecanduan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan UT Southwestern Medical Center, Amerika Serikat menemukan bahwa lemak dari beberapa makanan seperti burger dan es krim dapat mempengaruhi otak Anda.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Pada dasarnya, manusia akan berhenti makan ketika ia sudah merasa cukup. Namun jika yang dimakan terasa begitu nikmat, maka sulit pula untuk berhenti walaupun perut sudah tidak mampu lagi menampungnya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Hal ini dikarenakan molekul lemak tersebut memicu otak untuk mengirim pesan ke sel-sel tubuh untuk mengabaikan sinyal hormon penekan selera makan. Hormon-hormon yang ditekan tersebut adalah leptin dan insulin.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Para peneliti juga menemukan jenis molekul lemak tertentu pada daging sapi, mentega, keju, dan susu yang dapat 'menghipnotis' otak Anda agar tidak berhenti makan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
<strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dampak Buruk Es Krim bagi Kesuburan Wanita</span></strong></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Di balik kelezatan es krim ada sebuah dampak buruk yang mungkin belum banyak orang tahu, yakni mengurangi kesuburan. Ah, masa sih? Meski agak sulit dipercaya, namun sebuah penelitian yang dibuat oleh peneliti dari Nurses Health Study Harvard School of Public Health, AS, ini menyebutkan bahwa terlalu banyak es krim dan produk makanan lain yang mengandung susu bisa meningkatkan risiko infertil.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Menurut para peneliti tersebut, perempuan yang mengonsumsi dua atau lebih makanan yang mengandung susu setiap hari, cenderung sulit hamil karena tidak adanya proses ovulasi. Sementara itu, mereka yang mengonsumsi makanan berlemak dan mengandung susu sekali tiap hari, hanya 27 persen yang mengalami masalah ini. Hasil penelitian ini dilaporkan dalam jurnal European Human Reproduction minggu ini.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Namun para peneliti juga mengingatkan agar hasil riset ini jangan dipercaya seratus persen karena riset ini hanya didasarkan pada wawancara dengan responden perempuan, bukan riset ilmiah yang secara khusus meneliti es krim. “Inti dari publikasi hasil riset ini adalah agar perempuan tidak berlebihan mengkonsumsi es krim setiap harinya,” kata ketua peneliti, Dr Jorge Chavarro dari Harvard.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Hasil penelitian ini juga dipertanyakan oleh kalangan para peneliti sendiri. Menurut mereka, para periset itu tidak berhasil menemukan kaitan antara infertiliti dan produk olahan susu secara umum. “Berat badan yang terlalu ekstrem, baik itu terlalu kurus atau terlalu gemuk, yang akan meningkatkan risiko sulit hamil,” kata Dr.William Gibbons, presiden Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Menurutnya, makan berlebihan memang tak baik, tapi diet terlalu ketat juga sama buruknya untuk proses reproduksi.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
<strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Es Krim Mampu Atasi Kanker</span></strong></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Makanan yang dianggap menjadi salah satu penyebab obesitas atau kegemukan ini sedang dikembangkan untuk dijadikan resep mengobati kanker.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Beberapa peneliti ilmuwan dari Universitas Auckland di Selandia Baru, bekerjasama dengan perusahaan susu terbesar Fonterra, saat ini sedang melakukan penelitian dan menciptakan obat pencuci mulut yang dapat memerangi efek samping dari kemoterapi pada penderita kanker.<br />
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Es krim yang diberi nama Recharge, ini menggunakan bahan-bahan aktif dari produk susu untuk mengurangi diare, anemia dan kurangnya nafsu makan pada orang-orang yang sedang menjalani kemoterapi.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Selain menemukan manfaat susu untuk penyembuhan pasien kanker, peneliti juga mendapatkan fakta jika susu yang terdapat dalam es krim diyakini dapat memulihkan kondisi kesehatan pasien kanker dengan cepat. Penelitian es krim ini terbagi atas dua uji klinis yang berfungsi untuk mengurangi berat badan dan memperbaiki sistim imun tubuh setelah kemoterapi.<br />
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Dari beberapa penelitian yang dilakukan, boleh dibilang, penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pertama yang mengidentifiklasi sejumlah lemak susu dan protein susu dapat melindungi dari efek samping pemakaian obat kanker, dan bermanfaat untuk pemulihan kesehatan pasien.<br />
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"Kedua komponen bioaktif susu dikembangkan untuk diisi ulang dan memiliki potensi unik untuk membantu tubuh dalam mengatasi efek samping dari kemoterapi," ujar Jeremy Hill, Kepala Kantor Teknologi Fonterra, seperti dilansir dari Telegraph,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Lembaga penelitian kanker di Selandia Baru telah melakukan penelitian terhadap 10 pasien kanker yang bersedia menjadi sukarelawan atas penelitian ini. Peserta diberikan 100 gram es krim rasa stroberi setiap hari. Rasa stroberi jadi pilihan karena merupakan rasa yang digemari banyak orang.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
LactoPharma, mitra antara Fonterra dan Universitas menunjukkan dampak komponen susu bagi kesehatan. Mereka bersama-sama menginvestasikan US$2 juta atau sekitar Rp20 miliar untuk mengembangkan es krim tersebut.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Es krim itu kini sedang diuji ulang dan dilakukan penelitian di pusat onkologi di daerah Whangarei, Auckland, Waikato, Palmerston North, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin dan Invercargill.<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-9640024612786014432012-04-07T00:41:00.002-07:002012-04-07T00:46:18.625-07:00My Plendd..<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRczbRCitX88yu1IRzJXOFbFxpOzyO5XLnOPNRBKtnPyhz3_fNxcjOxjDckZHY8nAHeBFVwk0cC7iMhxDBomCcL3isRSg8azyQE1ruCdglCqieTLISdeob5_7pc5eIChjGk2F1FAeOCHmG/s1600/IMG01347-20120312-1210.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRczbRCitX88yu1IRzJXOFbFxpOzyO5XLnOPNRBKtnPyhz3_fNxcjOxjDckZHY8nAHeBFVwk0cC7iMhxDBomCcL3isRSg8azyQE1ruCdglCqieTLISdeob5_7pc5eIChjGk2F1FAeOCHmG/s320/IMG01347-20120312-1210.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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</a></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-24843358971628630712012-04-07T00:30:00.000-07:002012-04-07T00:30:17.422-07:00FOTOQ di DEpan kampus<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTNF33Ckl3qOnpwrHbLayvk3-l7iqbMR6r6gd0wFZao3E1xef2sungphZny8sKimDboaWXf3AOkyYBzCc8qdg2hVS5u1zX97GecdA-pvjKrS1Jl21i20ZzA2aydO-9BJfqoJF3vY77Abkv/s1600/IMG01388-20120326-1725.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTNF33Ckl3qOnpwrHbLayvk3-l7iqbMR6r6gd0wFZao3E1xef2sungphZny8sKimDboaWXf3AOkyYBzCc8qdg2hVS5u1zX97GecdA-pvjKrS1Jl21i20ZzA2aydO-9BJfqoJF3vY77Abkv/s320/IMG01388-20120326-1725.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-78109336199533438412012-04-07T00:27:00.002-07:002012-04-07T00:27:46.943-07:00SATUAN ACARA PENYULUHAN GIZI PADA IBU HAMIL<div style="color: yellow;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">SATUAN ACARA PENYULUHAN</span></b></div><div align="left" class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dasar Pemikiran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menu seimbang adalah susunan makanan yang terdiri dari beraneka ragam makanan, yang berguna bagi janin selama kehamilan.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada dasarnya masalah gizi timbul karena perilaku gizi seseorang yang salah, yaitu ketidak seimbangan antara konsumsi gizi dan kandungan gizinya. Maka seseorang akan menderita gizi kurang sebaliknya jika konsumsi melebihi kecukupan gizinya, maka yang bersangkutan akan menderita gizi lebih akibat dari masalah gizi ganda ini penyakit dapat menyertai penderita gizi kurang atau gizi lebih. Terutama pada ibu hamil yang sangat membutuhkan banyak gizi untuk keperluan dirinya sendiri dan juga janinnya.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk itu perlu diadakannya suatu kegiatan yang bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi baik kepada ibu hamil, sehingga ibu hamil dapat mengerti dan memahami tentang pentingnya asupan gizi bagi ibu hamil.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Tujuan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Tujuan Umum</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah dilakukan penyuluhan diharapkan Ibu hamil dapat mengerti tentang menu seimbang bagi ibu hamil</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Tujuan Khusus</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibu hamil dapat menjelaskan pengertian menu seimbang bagi ibu hamil.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibu hamil dapat menjelaskan komposisi menu seimbang bagi ibu hamil.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibu hamil dapat menjelaskan cara penyusunan menu seimbang bagi ibu hamil.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibu hamil dapat menjelaskan cara pengolahan menu seimbang bagi ibu hamil.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibu hamil dapat menjelaskan makanan bagi ibu hamil.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibu hamil dapat menyebutkan beberapa pesan-pesan bagi ibu hamil.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">III.</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Sasaran Penyuluhan</b></span><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sasaran penyuluhan ini adalah Ibu hamil</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">IV.</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Tempat Dan Waktu Pelaksanaan</b></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tempat : Puskesmas Turen</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hari / Tanggal : Rabu / 04 Januari 2012</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pukul : 09.00 WIB s/d selesai</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">V.</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Metode</b></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ceramah</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">VI.</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Media</b></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gambar Contoh Makanan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">VII.</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Strategi Penyuluhan</b></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A.</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Kegiatan membuka penyuluhan (10 menit)</b></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: yellow; margin-left: 19.6pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.15pt;" valign="top" width="170"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyuluh</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.0pt;" valign="top" width="192"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasien</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -15.9pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Memperkenalkan diri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -15.9pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Menjelaskan tinjauan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -15.9pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Pre test</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.15pt;" valign="top" width="170"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -12.65pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Mengucapkan salam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -12.65pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Memperkenalkan diri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -12.65pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Mendata/mengabsen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibu-ibu yang hadir.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -12.65pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Menjelaskan tujuan penyuluhan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -12.65pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Bertanya untuk mengetahui sejauh mana ibu-ibu mengetahui tentang gizi ibu hamil</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.0pt;" valign="top" width="192"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -12.65pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Menjawab</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -12.65pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Memperkenalkan diri kepada penyuluh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -12.65pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Menjawab pertannyaan yang diajukan penyuluh tentang diri peserta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -12.65pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Mendengarkan penjelasan tentang tujuan penyuluhan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -12.65pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Menjawab pertanyaan yang diajukan penyuluh.</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B.</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Kegiatan inti penyuluhan (15 menit)</b></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: yellow; margin-left: 19.6pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.8pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.0pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyuluh</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.0pt;" valign="top" width="192"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keluarga</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.8pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -15.9pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Memberikan materi/ ceramah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -15.9pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Melakukan peragaan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.0pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -12.65pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Menjelaskan materi tentang gizi ibu hamil</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -12.65pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Menanyakan materi yang belum dikenal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -12.65pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-Menunjukkan contoh bahan makanan ibu hamil.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.0pt;" valign="top" width="192"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -12.65pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Mendengarkan materi yang diberikan dengan baik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -12.65pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Bertanya tentang hal-hal yang belum dimengerti</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -12.65pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Memperhatikan materi yang diberikan dengan baik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -12.65pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Bertanya tentang hal-hal yang belum dimengerti</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">VIII.</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Evaluasi</b></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Evaluasi pelaksanaan</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Ibu hamil dapat mengikuti penyuluhan dari awall sampai akhir penyuluhan selesai.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Ibu hamil terlihat antusias dalam mengikuti penyuluhan dengan melakukan tanya jawab.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Evaluasi materi</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibu hamil dapat menjelaskan pengertian menu seimbang bagi ibu hamil.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibu hamil dapat menjelaskan komposisi menu seimbang bagi ibu hamil.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibu hamil dapat menjelaskan cara penyusunan menu seimbang bagi ibu hamil.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibu hamil dapat menjelaskan cara pengolahan menu seimbang bagi ibu hamil.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibu hamil dapat menjelaskan makanan bagi ibu hamil.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibu hamil dapat menyebutkan beberapa pesan-pesan bagi ibu hamil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">LAMPIRAN MATERI</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">MENU SEIMBANG IBU HAMIL</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I.</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Pengertian</b></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menu seimbang adalah susunan makanan yang terdiri dari beraneka ragam makanan, yang berguna bagi janin selama kehamilan.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Komposisi</b></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Makanan pokok</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Lauk pauk (Hewani dan nabati)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Sayuran</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. Buah-buahan</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5. Susu</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">III.</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Penyusunan</b></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Sumber energi : Padi-padian, lauk hewani 2 – 3 potong, lauk nabati 3 potong, sayuran ½ - 1 mangkok, buah 2 – 3 potong dan nasi.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Sumber zat pembangun : Ikan, telur, daging.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Sumber zat pengatur : Sayuran dan buah.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">IV.</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Pengolahan Makanan</b></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Sayuran : Dicuci – dipotong (Agar vitamin tidak terbuang).</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Saat masak : Jangan terlalu lama (Agar zat gizi tidak rusak/hilang)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Buah : Segar (Dicuci)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">V.</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Makanan Ibu Hamil</b></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ä </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tri wulan I :</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Makanan yang dikonsumsi : Susu, telur, buah-buahan seperti sari buah, jeruk,asinan, sop dan makanan ringan seperti biskuit, crackers.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ä </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tri wulan II :</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Makanan yang dikonsumsi : Nasi, roti, singkong, mie, lauk-pauk, sayuran dan buah-buahan berwarna.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: yellow;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.15pt;" valign="top" width="283"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nasi ½ piring</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ikan ½ potong</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tempe 1 potong</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.2pt;" valign="top" width="283"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sayuran 1½ mangkok</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Susu 1 gelas</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Air 2 gelas</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ä </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tri wulan III</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jangan makan berlebihan, kurangi makanan yang banyak mengandung lemak dan hidrat arang seperti makanan yang manis dan gorengan.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">VI.</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Pesan-Pesan Penting Ibu Hamil</b></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Harus makan dan minum lebih banyak dari pada saat tidak hamil</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk mencegah kurang darah selama hamil, ibu harus banyak memakan makanan sumber zat besi, seperti sayuran hijau tua, tempe, tahu, kacang hijau, kacang merah, telur, ikan dan daging.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jangan lupa minum tablet tambah darah satu butir sehari.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk mencegah gigi rontok dan tulang pinggul rapuh, ibu harus banyak makabn makanan sumber zat kapur, seperti kacang-kacangan, telur, ikan teri atau ikan kecil yang dimakan bersama tulangnya, sayuran daun hijau, seperti bayam, daun katu, daun singkong dan susu.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kenalilah gejala kurang darah (Anemia) selama kehamilan, yaitu pucat, pusing, lemah dan penglihatan berkunag-kunang.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selama hamil makanlah makanan beraneka ragam setiap hari dalam jumlah yang cukup.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bila nafsu makan ibu kurang, makanlah makanan yang segar-segar seperti buah-buahan, sari buah, sayur bening dan sayur segar lainnya.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hindarkan pantangan terhadap makanan, karena akan merugikan kesehatan ibu.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hindarkan juga merokok dan minum-minuman keras karena akan membahayakan keselamatan ibu dan janin.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jangan lupa memeriksakan diri kepada bidan atau puskesmas secara teratur agar ibu dan kandungan tetap sehat.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dapatkan imunisasi TT 2 X selama kehamilan.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perhatikan kenaikan berat badan ibu selama hamil. Yang normalnya</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selama Tri Wulan I </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Þ</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> 700 – 1.400 gram.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tri Wulan ke II dan III </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Þ</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> 350 – 400 gram perminggu</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selama hamil, sebaiknya ibu tidak melakukan pekerjaan berat.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-7973918548756016022012-04-07T00:23:00.002-07:002012-04-07T00:23:56.432-07:00SATUAN ACARA PENYULUHAN (SAP) APENDIKSITIS<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SATUAN ACARA PENYULUHAN (SAP)</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">APENDIKSITIS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Topik<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Apendiksitis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -112.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Sub Pembahasan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:Pengertian, penyebab, tanda dan gejala, komplikasi, pemeriksaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>radiologi dan laboratorium, penatalaksanaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Sasaran<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Semua Pasien dan keluarga pasien di ruang 18</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Tempat<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Ruang 18 RSSA Malang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Hari/Tanggal<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Jum’at, 2 Maret 2012</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Waktu<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: 1 x 30 menit ( jam 09.30 -10.00 WIB)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Penyuluh<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL UMUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Pada akhir proses penyuluhan, pasien dan keluarga pasien dapat mengetahui dan memahami tentang penyakit apendiksitis, meliputi pengertian, penyebab, tanda dan gejala, komplikasi, pemeriksaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>radiologi dan laboratorium, penatalaksanaan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL KHUSUS</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Setelah mengikuti penyuluhan, maka diharapkan pasien dan keluarga pasien:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Memahami dan menyebutkan pengertian dan penyebab apendiksitis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Memahami dan mengenali tanda dan gejala serta komplikasi apendiksitis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SASARAN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Pasien dan keluarga pasien</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN MATERI</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Anatomi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">patofisiologi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Tanda dan gejala</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Komplikasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>radiologi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan laboratorium</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">METODE</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Ceramah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Tanya Jawab / Diskusi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VI.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MEDIA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Leaflet</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Banner</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VII.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KRITERIA EVALUASI</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi Struktur</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Semua pasien dan keluarga pasien berkumpul di ruang 18</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Penyelenggaraan penyuluhan dilaksanakan di ruang 18</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Kesiapan SAP</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Kesiapan media: Leaflet, banner</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi Proses</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Semua pasien dan keluarga pasien antusias terhadap materi penyuluhan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Tidak ada pasien ataupun anggota keluarga yang meninggalkan tempat saat penyuluhan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Semua pasien dan anggota keluarga pasien mengajukan pertanyaan danmenjawab pertanyaan secara benar </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi Hasil</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Semua pasien dan keluarga pasien mengetahui dan paham tentang penyakitleukemia, meliputi definisi, etiologi, klasifikasi leukemia, tanda dan gejala, carapencegahan dan pengobatannya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Pengorganisasian dan Uraian Tugas</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Moderator<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Penyaji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Fasilitator<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Observer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VIII.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KEGIATAN PENYULUHAN</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">NO</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">WAKTU</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.4pt;" valign="top" width="217"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">KEGIATAN PENYULUH</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.8pt;" valign="top" width="188"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">KEGIATAN PESERTA</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.7pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>METODE</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">3 menit</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.4pt;" valign="top" width="217"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Pembukaan:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Membuka kegiatan dengan mengucapkan salam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Pembukaan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan tujuandari penyuluhan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Menyebutkan materi yang akan diberikan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.8pt;" valign="top" width="188"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Menjawab salam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Mendengarkan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Memperhatikan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.7pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Ceramah</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">15 menit</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.4pt;" valign="top" width="217"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Pelaksanaan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan tentang pengertian apendiksitis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan anatomi apediksitis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan tentang macam-macam penyebab apendiksitis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan klasifikasi tentang apendiksitis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan tanda dan gejala apendiksitis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan komplikasi yang terjadi pada penderita apendiksitis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan pemeriksaan dan penatalaksanaan yang dilakukan pada pasien dengan apendiksitis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Memberi kesempatan pada peserta untuk bertanya</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.8pt;" valign="top" width="188"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Memperhatikan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Mendengarkan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.7pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Ceramah dengan menggunakan banner</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">10 menit</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.4pt;" valign="top" width="217"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Menanyakan kepada peserta tentang materi yang telah diberikan, dan reinforcement kepada para peserta yang dapat menjawab pertanyaan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.8pt;" valign="top" width="188"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Menjawab pertanyaan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.7pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Tanya jawab dan diskusi</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">2 menit</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.4pt;" valign="top" width="217"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Terminasi :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Menyampaikan kesimpulan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Mengucapkan salam penutup</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.8pt;" valign="top" width="188"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Mendengarkan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Menjawab salam</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.7pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Ceramah dan membagikan leaflet</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MATERI PENYULUHAN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apendiks adalah organ tambahan kecil yang menyerupai jari,melekat pada sekum tepat dibawah katup ileocecal (Brunner & Sudart 2002 :1097)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apendiksitis adalah salah satu peradangan pada apendiks yang berbentuk cacing,yang berlokasi dekat katup ileocecal (Long,Barbara c,1996 hal 228)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apendiksitis adalah peradangan dari apendiks vermiforis dan merupakan peyebab abdomen akut yang paling sering (Arif Mansjoer .dkk.200:307)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apendiksitis akut adalah penyebab paling umum inflamasi akut pada kuadran bawah kanan rongga abdomen, penyebab paling umum untuk bedah abdomen darurat (Smeltzer, 2001).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anatomi </span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Embriologi appendiks berhubungan dengan caecum, tumbuh dari ujung inferiornya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tonjolan appendiks pada neonatus berbentuk kerucut yang menonjol pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>apek caecum sepanjang 4,5 cm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada orang dewasa panjang appendiks rata-rata 9 – 10 cm, terletak posteromedial caecum kira-kira 3 cm inferior valvula ileosekalis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Posisi appendiks bisa retrosekal, retroileal,subileal atau dipelvis, memberikan gambaran klinis yang tidak sama.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Persarafan para simpatis berasal dari cabang nervus vagus yang mengikuti arteri mesenterika superior dari arteri appendikkularis, sedangkan persarafan simpatis berasal dari nervus torakalis x, karena itu nyeri viseral pada appendiks bermula sekitar umbilikus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perdarahan pada appendiks berasal dari arteri appendikularis yang merupakan artei tanpa kolateral.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jika arteri ini tersumbat, misalnya trombosis pada infeksi maka appendiks akan mengalami gangren</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Appendiks menghasilkan lendir 1 – 2 ml perhari yang bersifat basa mengandung amilase, erepsin dan musin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lendir itu secara normal dicurahkan ke dalam bumen dan selanjutnya mengalir ke caecum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hambatan aliran lendir di muara appendiks berperan pada patofisiologi appendiks.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://erniderbi.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/penyakitususbuntu.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><img alt="http://erniderbi.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/penyakitususbuntu.jpg?w=275" border="0" height="345" src="file:///C:/Users/DEBBY/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="323" /></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Imunoglobulin sekretor yang dihasilkan oleh GALT (Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue) yang terdapat disepanjang saluran cerna termasuk appendiks, ialah Ig A. Imunglobulin itu sangat efektif sebagai perlindungan terhadap infeksi tapi pengangkatan appendiks tidak mempengaruhi sistem Imunoglobulin tubuh sebab jaringan limfe kecil sekalisehingga jika dibandingkan dengan jumlah pada saluran cerna dan di seluruh tubuh. ( R.Syamsu ; 1997)</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Patofisiologi </span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Penyebab utama appendisitis adalah obstruksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penyumbatan yang dapat disebabkan oleh hiperplasia dari folikel limfoid merupakan penyebab terbanyak,adanya fekalit dalam lumen appendiks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adanya benda asing seperti cacing, stiktura karena fibrosis akibat peradangan sebelumnya, sebab lain misalnya keganasan (karsinoma karsinoid).</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Obsrtuksi apendiks itu menyebabkan mukus yang diproduksi mukosa terbendung, makin lama mukus yang terbendung makin banyak dan menekan dinding appendiks oedem serta merangsang tunika serosa dan peritonium viseral.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oleh karena itu persarafan appendiks sama dengan usus yaitu torakal X maka rangsangan itu dirasakan sebagai rasa sakit disekitar umblikus.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Mukus yang terkumpul itu lalu terinfeksi oleh bakteri menjadi nanah, kemudian timbul gangguan aliran vena, sedangkan arteri belum terganggu, peradangan yang timbul meluas dan mengenai peritomium parietal setempat, sehingga menimbulkan rasa sakit dikanan bawah, keadaan ini disebut dengan appendisitis supuratif akut.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Bila kemudian aliran arteri terganggu maka timbul alergen dan ini disebut dengan appendisitis gangrenosa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bila dinding apendiks yang telah akut itu pecah, dinamakan appendisitis perforasi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bila omentum usus yang berdekatan dapat mengelilingi apendiks yang meradang atau perforasi akan timbul suatu masa lokal, keadaan ini disebut sebagai appendisitis abses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada anak – anak karena omentum masih pendek dan tipis, apendiks yang relatif lebih panjang , dinding apendiks yang lebih tipis dan daya tahan tubuh yang masih kurang, demikian juga pada orang tua karena telah ada gangguan pembuluh darah, maka perforasi terjadi lebih cepat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bila appendisitis infiltrat ini menyembuh dan kemudian gejalanya hilang timbul dikemudian hari maka terjadi appendisitis kronis (Junaidi ; 1982)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Fekalit/massa fekal padat karena konsumsi diet rendah serat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Tumor apendiks</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Cacing ascaris</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Erosi mukosa apendiks karena parasit E. Histolytica</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Hiperplasia jaringan limfe</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Benda asing</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Apendisitis dibagi atas : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Apendisitis akut, dibagi atas: Apendisitis akut fokalis atau segmentalis, yaitu setelah sembuh akan timbul striktur lokal. Appendisitis purulenta difusi, yaitu sudah bertumpuk nanah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Apendisitis kronis, dibagi atas: Apendisitis kronis fokalis atau parsial, setelah sembuh akan timbul striktur lokal. Apendisitis kronis obliteritiva yaitu appendiks miring, biasanya ditemukan pada usia tua.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda dan gejala</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Sakit dan kram di daerah periumbilikus menjalar ke kuadran kanan bawah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Anoreksia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Mual</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Muntah (tanda awal yang umum, kurang umum pada anak yang lebih besar)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Demam ringan di awal penyakit dapat naik tajam pada peritonitis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri lepas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Bising usus menurun atau tidak ada sama sekali</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Konstipasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Diare</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Kencing sedikit-sedikit / Disuria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Iritabilitas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Pada bayi dan anak-anak, nyerinya bersifat menyeluruh, di semua bagian perut</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Pada orang tua dan wanita hamil, nyerinya tidak terlalu berat dan di daerah ini nyeri tumpulnya tidak terlalu terasa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Bila usus buntu pecah, nyeri dan demam bisa menjadi berat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Gejala berkembang cepat, kondisi dapat didiagnosis dalam 4 sampai 6 jam setelah munculnya gejala pertama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komplikasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Perforasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Peritonitis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi luka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Abses intra abdomen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Obstruksi intestinum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan radiologi</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">foto polos perut dapat memperlihatkan adanya fekalit.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ultrasonografi (USG) cukup membantu dalam penegakkan diagnosis apendisitis (71 – 97 %), terutama untuk wanita hamil dan anak-anak.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tingkat keakuratan yang paling tinggi adalah dengan pemeriksaan CT scan (93 – 98 %). Dengan CT scan dapat terlihat jelas gambaran apendiks</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan laboratorium</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan darah : leukosit ringan umumnya pada apendisitis sederhana lebih dari 13000/mm3 umumnya pada apendisitis perforasi. Tidak adanya leukositosis tidak menyingkirkan apendisitis. Hitung jenis: terdapat pergeseran ke kiri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan urin : sediment dapat normal atau terdapat lekosit dan eritrosit lebih dari normal bila apendiks yang meradang menempel pada ureter atau vesika</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan laboratorium leukosit meningkat sebagai respon fisiologis untuk melindungi tubuh terhadap mikroorganisme yang menyerang. Pada apendisitis akut dan perforasi akan terjadi leukositosis yang lebih tinggi lagi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Hb (hemoglobin) nampak normal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Laju endap darah (LED) meningkat pada keadaan apendisitis infiltrate</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Urine rutin penting untuk melihat apa ada infeksi pada ginjal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penatalaksanaan apendiksitis menurur Mansjoer, 2000 :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Pencegahan</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Dapat di lakukan dengan banyak mengkonsumsi makanan tinggi serat seperti buah pepeya, pisang dan sayur-sayuran seperti kangkung, kacang panjang, serta menjaga kebersihan, tidak sering makan – makanan yang terlalu pedas dan asam, buang air besar secara teratur, olah raga teratur, tidak makan makanan seperti mie instan secara berlebihan.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebelum operasi</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemasangan sonde lambung untuk dekompresi</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemasangan kateter untuk control produksi urin.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rehidrasi</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Antibiotic dengan spectrum luas, dosis tinggi dan diberikan secara intravena.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Obat-obatan penurun panas, phenergan sebagai anti menggigil, largaktil untuk membuka pembuluh – pembuluh darah perifer diberikan setelah rehidrasi tercapai.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bila demam, harus diturunkan sebelum diberi anestesi.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Operasi</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apendiktomi.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apendiks dibuang, jika apendiks mengalami perforasi bebas,maka abdomen dicuci dengan garam fisiologis dan antibiotika.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abses apendiks diobati dengan antibiotika IV,massanya mungkin mengecil,atau abses mungkin memerlukan drainase dalam jangka waktu beberapa hari. Apendiktomi dilakukan bila abses dilakukan operasi elektif sesudah 6 minggu sampai 3 bulan.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasca operasi</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Observasi TTV.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Angkat sonde lambung bila pasien telah sadar sehingga aspirasi cairan lambung dapat dicegah.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Baringkan pasien dalam posisi semi fowler.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasien dikatakan baik bila dalam 12 jam tidak terjadi gangguan, selama pasien dipuasakan.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bila tindakan operasilebih besar, misalnya pada perforasi, puasa dilanjutkan sampai fungsi usus kembali normal.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan minum mulai15ml/jam selama 4-5 jam lalu naikan menjadi 30 ml/jam. Keesokan harinya berikan makanan saring dan hari berikutnya diberikan makanan lunak.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Satu hari pasca operasi pasien dianjurkan untuk duduk tegak di tempat tidur selama 2×30 menit.Pada hari kedua pasien dapat berdiri dan duduk di luar kamar.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hari ke-7 jahitan dapat diangkat dan pasien diperbolehkan pulang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Long C Barbara, Perawatan Medikal Bedah (Suatu pendekatan proses Keperawatan), Yayasan Ikatan alumni Pendidikan Keperawatan Pajajaran, Bandung, 1996</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Smeltzer C. Suzannne, (2002 ), Buku Ajar Keperawatan Medikal Bedah, Alih Bahasa Andry</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Hartono, dkk., Jakarta, EGC.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Doenges, EM. (2000), Rencana Asuhan Keperawatan; Pedoman untuk Perencanaan dan Pendokumentasian Perawatan Pasien, Alih Bahasa I Made Kariasa, dkk. (2001), Jakarta, EGC.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Price, S.A. R. Wilson CL (1991), Pathophisiology Clinical Concept of Disease Process, Alih Bahasa Adji Dharma (1995), Patofisiologi Konsep Klinik Proses-Proses Penyakit, Jakarta, EGC.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Soeparman. 1990. Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Jilid II. Jakarta : Balai penerbit FKUI</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">S. Heru Adi. 1995. Kesehatan Masyarakat. Jakarta. : EGC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Mansjoer, Arief. Et all. 1999. Kapita Selekta Kedokteran. Jakarta : Media Aesculapius.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Soeparman (1995), Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Edisi Kedua, Jakarta, Balai Penerbit FKUI.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">--------. 2010.laporanpendahuluanapendiksitis.blogspot.com<br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SATUAN ACARA PENYULUHAN</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">APENDIKSITIS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DISUSUN OLEH :</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TIM PKRS RUANG 18</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PROMOSI KESEHATAN RUMAH SAKIT (PKRS)</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RSUD Dr SAIFUL ANWAR MALANG</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2012</span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-51844163976042923782012-04-07T00:09:00.002-07:002012-04-07T00:09:50.364-07:00TOP 12 INDONESIAN IDOL 2012<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="commentbody">Go spekta 10</span><br />
<br />
<span class="commentbody">5 hasil voting</span><br />
<span class="commentbody">REGINA (voting tertinggi)</span><br />
<span class="commentbody">YODA</span><br />
<span class="commentbody">DERA</span><br />
<span class="commentbody">DION</span><br />
<span class="commentbody">RIO</span><br />
<br />
<span class="commentbody">5 pilihan juri</span><br />
<span class="commentbody">SEAN</span><br />
<span class="commentbody">BELINDA (menurut 3 juri dia paling unggul)</span><br />
<span class="commentbody">SHANDI</span><br />
<span class="commentbody">IVAN</span><br />
<span class="commentbody">KHANZA</span><br />
<br />
<span class="commentbody">5 yg out</span><br />
<span class="commentbody">FEBRI</span><br />
<span class="commentbody">KARIN</span><br />
<span class="commentbody">INTAN</span><br />
<span class="commentbody">ROSA</span><br />
<span class="commentbody">SHAN</span><br />
<span class="commentbody">Harusnya mereka minggu depan kembali tampil u/ wildcard. Lalu dipilih 2 u/ maju ke spekta. Tp td malam langsung dipilih FEBRI dan ROSA.</span><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-76813838011427449162012-02-11T14:48:00.000-08:002012-02-11T14:48:00.443-08:00Laporan Pendahuluan dan Asuhan Keperawatan Cholangitis<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Cholangitis akut merupakan infeksi bakteri dari sistem duktus bilier, yang bervariasi tingkat keparahannya dari ringan dan dapat sembuh sendiri sampai berat dan dapat mengancam nyawa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertama kali dikemukakan pada tahun 1877 oleh Charcot, ia mempostulatkan bahwa penyakit ini berhubungan dengan proses patologi berupa obstruksi bilier dan infeksi bakteri. Cholangitis merupakan salah satu komplikasi dari batu pada ductus choledochus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit ini perlu diwaspadai karena insidensi batu empedu di Asia Tenggara cukup tinggi, serta kecenderungan penyakit ini untuk terjadi pada pasien berusia lanjut, yang biasanya memiliki penyakit penyerta yang lain yang dapat memperburuk kondisi dan mempersulit terapi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Penting bagi dokter umum untuk mengetahui penyakit ini, agar dapat menegakkan diagnosis secara tepat, melakukan penanganan pertama, memberikan penjelasan yang baik kepada pasien, dan merujuk secara tepat.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">DEFINISI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolangitis akut merupakan superimposa infeksi bakteri yang terjadi pada obstruksi saluran bilier, terutama yang ditimbulkan oleh batu empedu, namun dapat pula ditimbulkan oleh neoplasma ataupun striktur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">INSIDENSI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Di Amerika Serikat, Cholangitis cukup jarang terjadi. Biasanya terjadi bersamaan dengan penyakit lain yang menimbulkan obstruksi bilier dan bactibilia (misal: setelah prosedur ERCP, 1-3% pasien mengalami cholangitis). Resiko tersebut meningkat apabila cairan pewarna diinjeksikan secara retrograd.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Insidensi Internasional cholangitis adalah sebagai berikut. Cholangitis pyogenik rekuren, kadangkala disebut sebagai cholangiohepatitis Oriental, endemik di Asia Tenggara. Kejadian ini ditandai oleh infeksi saluran bilier berulang, pembentukan batu empedu intrahepatik dan ekstrahepatik, abses hepar, dan dilatasi dan striktur dari saluran empedu intra dan ekstrahepatik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><br />
<a href="" name="more"></a><span style="background-color: white;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">MORTALITAS/MORBIDITAS</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Mortalitas dari cholangitis tinggi karena predisposisinya pada penderita dengan penyakit penyerta yang lain. Pada zaman dahulu, tingkat mortalitasnya mencapai 100%. Dengan ditemukannya Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, sphincterotomy terapeutik secara endoskopik, ekstraksi batu dan stenting bilier, tingkat mortalitas telah menurun sampai kira-kira 5-10%.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien-pasien dengan karakteristik berikut berhubungan dengan tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas yang lebih tinggi:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Hipotensi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Gagal ginjal akut</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Abses hepar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Sirosis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Inflammatory bowel disease</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Striktur karena malignansi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Radiologic cholangitis – post percutaneus transhepatic cholangiography</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Jenis kelamin perempuan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Usia lebih tua dari 50 tahu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Kegagalan merespon terhadap terapi antibiotik dan konservatif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Usia lanjut, masalah medis penyerta, dan keterlambatan dekompresi bilier meningkatkan tingkat kematian operatif yang timbul (17-40%). Tingkat mortalitas dari pembedahan elektif setelah stabilisasi keadaan pasien lebih rendah secara signifikan (kira-kira 3%). Pada masa lalu, cholangitis suppurativa diduga meningkatkan morbiditas; namun, studi prospektif tidak menunjukkan bahwa dugaan tersebut benar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Cholangitis seringkali terjadi secara sekunder karena batu empedu yang mengobstruksi ductus choledochus, oleh karena itu memiliki faktor resiko yang sama dengan cholelithiasis. Prevalensi batu empedu tertinggi terdapat pada orang-orang berkulit terang keturunan Eropa utara, juga pada populasi Hispanik, Suku-suku asli amerika, dan Indian Pima.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai tambahan, populasi Asia tertentu dan penduduk negara dimana insidensi parasit intestinal tinggi juga memiliki resiko yang lebih tinggi. Orang Asia lebih mungkin memiliki batu primer karena infeksi bilier kronis, parasit, stasis bilier, dan striktur bilier. Cholangitis pyogenik Rekuren jarang terjadi di Amerika Serikat. Orang kulit hitam dengan penyakit sickle cell anemia memiliki resiko yang lebih tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Walaupun batu empedu lebih sering terjadi pada wanita daripada pada pria, rasio pria-wanita sama pada cholangitis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien berusia lanjut dengan batu empedu asimtomatik lebih mungkin mengalami komplikasi serius dan cholangitis. Cholangitis pada pasien tua yang datang dengan sepsis dan perubahan status mental harus selalu dipikirkan, pasien tua lebih rentan terhadap batu kandung empedu dan batu saluran empedu, dan oleh karena itu, cholangitis. Usia median presentasi cholangitis adalah antara usia 50-60 tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">PATOFISIOLOGI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor utama dalam patogenesis dari cholangitis akut adalah obstruksi saluran bilier, peningkatan tekanan intraluminal, dan infeksi saluran empedu. Saluran bilier yang terkolonisasi oleh bakteri namun tidak mengalami pada umumnya tidak akan menimbulkan cholangitis. Saat ini dipercaya bahwa obstruksi saluran bilier menurunkan pertahanan antibakteri dari inang. Walaupun mekanisme sejatinya masih belum jelas, dipercaya bahwa bakteria memperoleh akses menuju saluran bilier secara retrograd melalui duodenum atau melalui darah dari vena porta. Sebagai hasilnya, infeksi akan naik menuju ductus hepaticus, menimbulkan infeksi yang serius. Peningkatan tekanan bilier akan mendorong infeksi menuju kanalikuli bilier, vena hepatica, dan saluran limfatik perihepatik, yang akan menimbulkan bacteriemia (25%-40%). Infeksi dapat bersifat supuratif pada saluran bilier.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Saluran bilier pada keadaan normal bersifat steril. Keberadaan batu pada kandung empedu (cholecystolithiasis) atau pada ductus choledochus (choledocholithiasis) meningkatkan insidensi bactibilia. Organisme paling umum yang dapat diisolasi dalam empedu adalah Escherischia coli (27%), Spesies Klebsiella (16%), Spesies Enterococcus (15%), Spesies Streptococcus (8%), Spesies Enterobacter (7%), dan spesies Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7%). Organisme yang ditemukan pada kultur darah sama dengan yang ditemukan dalam empedu. Patogen tersering yang dapat diisolasi dalam kultur darah adalah E coli (59%), spesies Klebsiella (16%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5%) dan spesies Enterococcus (4%). Sebagai tambahan, infeksi polimikrobial sering ditemukan pada kultur empedu (30-87%) namun lebih jarang terdapat pada kultur darah (6-16%).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Saluran empedu hepatik bersifat steril, dan empedu pada saluran empedu tetap steril karena terdapat aliran empedu yang kontinu dan keberadaan substansi antibakteri seberti immunoglobulin. Hambatan mekanik terhadap aliran empedu memfasilitasi kontaminasi bakteri. Kontaminasi bakteri dari saluran bilier saja tidak menimbulkan cholangitis secara klinis; kombinasi dari kontaminasi bakteri signifikan dan obstruksi bilier diperlukan bagi terbentuknya cholangitis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekanan bilier normal berkisar antara 7 sampai 14 cm. Pada keadaan bactibilia dan tekanan bilier yang normal, darah vena hepatica dan nodus limfatikus perihepatik bersifat steril, namun apabila terdapat obstruksi parsial atau total, tekanan intrabilier akan meningkat sampai 18-29 cm H2O, dan organisme akan muncul secara cepat pada darah dan limfa. Demam dan menggigil yang timbul pada cholangitis merupakan hasil dari bacteremia sistemik yang ditimbulkan oleh refluks cholangiovenososus dan cholangiolimfatik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab tersering dari obstruksi bilier adalah choledocholithiasis, striktur jinak, striktur anastomosis bilier-enterik, dan cholangiocarcinoma atau karsinoma periampuler. Sebelum tahun 1980-an batu choledocholithiasis merupakan 80% penyebab kasus cholangitis yang tercatat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">PENYEBAB</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada negara-negara barat, Choledocholithiasis merupakan penyebab utama cholangitis akut, diikuti oleh ERCP dan tumor.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap kondisi yang menimbulkan stasis atau obstruksi saluran bilier pada ductus choledochus, termasuk striktur jinak atau ganas, infeksi parasit, ataupun kompresi ekstrinsik yang ditimbulkan oleh pancreas, dapat menimbulkan infeksi bakteri dan cholangitis. Obstruksi parsial memiliki tingkat infeksi yang lebih tinggi daripada infeksi komplit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Batu saluran empedu merupakan predisposisi bagi cholangitis. Kira-kira 10-15% pasien dengan cholecystitis memiliki choledocholithiasis, kira-kira 1% pasien pasca cholecystectomy memiliki choledocholithiasis yang tersisa. Sebagian besar choledocholithiasis bersifat simtomatik, sementara sebagian dapat bersifat asimtomatik selama bertahun-tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Tumor yang bersifat obstruktif dapat menyebabkan cholangitis. Obstruksi parsial berhubungan dengan peningkatan tingkat infeksi dibandingkan dengan obstruksi neoplastik total. Tumor-tumor yang dapat menyebabkan cholangitis adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Kanker pancreas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Cholangiocarcinoma</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Kanker ampulla vateri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Tumor porta hepatis atau metastasis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab lain yang dapat menimbulkan cholangitis adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Striktur atau stenosis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Manipulasi CBD secara endoskopik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Choledochocele</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Sclerosing cholangitis (dari sklerosis bilier)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o AIDS cholangiopathy</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Infeksi cacing Ascaris lumbricoides.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN KLINIS</span></b></div><ol start="1" style="color: yellow; margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahun 1877, Charcot menjelaskan cholangitis sebagai “triad” yang ditemukan pada pemeriksaan fisik berupa: nyeri kuadran kanan atas, demam, dan Jaundice. Pentad Reynolds menambahkan perubahan status mental dan sepsis pada triad tersebut. Terdapat berbagai spektrum cholangitis, mulai dari gejala yang ringan sampai sepsis. Apabila terdapat shock septik, diagnosis cholangitis mungkin dapat tidak terduga. Pikirkan cholangitis pada setiap pasien yang nampak septik, terutama pada pasien-pasien tua, mengalami jaundice, atau yang mengalami nyeri abdomen. Riwayat nyeri abdomen atau gejala kolik bilier dapat merupakan petunjuk bagi penegakkan diagnosis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Triad Charcot terdiri dari demam, nyeri abdomen kanan atas, dan Jaudice. Dilaporkan terjadi pada 50%-70% pasien dengan cholangitis. Namun, penelitian yang dilakukan baru-baru ini mengemukakan bahwa gejala tersebut terjadi pada 15%-20% pasien. Demam terjadi pada kira-kira 90% kasus. Nyeri abdomen dan jaundice diduga terjadi pada 70% dan 60% pasien. Pasien datang dengan perubahan status mental pada 10-20% kasus dan hipotensi terjadi pada 30% kasus. Tanda-tanda tersebut , digabungkan dengan triad Charcot, membentuk pentad Reynolds.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak pasien yang datang dengan ascending cholangitis tidak memiliki gejala-gejala klasik tersebut. Sebagian besar pasien mengeluhkan nyeri pada abdomen kuadran lateral atas; namun sebagian pasien (misal: pasien lansia) terlalu sakit untuk melokalisasi sumber infeksi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala-gejala lain yang dapat terjadi meliputi: Jaundice, demam, menggigil dan kekakuan (rigors), nyeri abdomen, pruritus, tinja yang acholis atau hypocholis, dan malaise.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat medis pasien mungkin dapat membantu. Contohnya riwayat dari keadaan-keadaan berikut dapat meningkatkan resiko cholangitis:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Batu kandung empedu atau batu saluran empedu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Pasca cholecystectomy</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Manipulasi endoscopik atau ERCP, cholangiogram</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Riwayat cholangitis sebelumnya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Riwayat HIV atau AIDS: cholangitis yang berhubungan dengan AIDS memiliki ciri edema bilier ekstrahepatik, ulserasi, dan obstruksi bilier. Etiologinya masih belum jelas namun dapat berhubungan dengan cytomegalovirus atau infeksi Cryptosporidium. Penanganannya akan dijelaskan di bawah, dekompresi biasanya tidak diperlukan.</span></div><ol start="2" style="color: yellow; margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Fisik</span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada umumnya, pasien dengan cholangitis nampak sakit cukup berat dan cukup sering datang dalam keadaan shock septik tanpa sumber infeksi yang jelas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan fisik dapat ditemukan keadaan sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Demam (90%) walaupun pasien tua dapat tidak mengalami demam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Nyeri abdomen kuadran lateral atas (65%)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Hepatomegali ringan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Jaundice (60%)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Perubahan status mental (10-20%)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Sepsis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Hipotensi (30%)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Takikardia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Peritonitis (jarang terjadi, dan apabila terjadi, harus dicari diagnosis alternatif yang lain)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">DIAGNOSIS DIFERENTIAL</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Cholecystitis dan kolik Bilier</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Penyakit Divertikuler</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Hepatitis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Iskemia mesenterika</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Pancreatitis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Shock Septik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosis lain yang perlu dipertimbangkan:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Sirosis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Liver Failure</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Abses hepar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Appendicitis accuta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Ulcus pepticum yang mengalami perforasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Pyelonephritis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Diverticulitis colon kanan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG</span></b></div><ol start="1" style="color: yellow; margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji Laboratorium</span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan darah rutin: Leukositosis: Pada pasien dengan cholangitis, 79% memiliki sel darah putih melebihi 10.000/mL, dangan angka rata-rata 13.600. Pasien sepsis dapat leukopenik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan elektrolit dengan fungsi ginjal dapat dilakukan. Pemeriksaan kadar kalsium darah diperlukan untuk memeriksa kemungkinan pancreatitis, yang dapat menimbulkan hipokalsemia, dicurigai. Tes fungsi liver kemungkinan besar konsisten dengan keadaan cholestasis, hiperbilirubinemia terdapat pada 88-100% pasien dan peningkatan kadar alkali fosfatase pada 78% pasien. SGOT dan SGPT biasanya sedikit meningkat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">PTT dan aPTT biasanya tidak meningkat kecuali bila terdapat sepsis yang menimbulkan Koagulasi intravaskuler diseminata (DIC) atau apabila terdapat sirosis pada pasien tersebut. Pemeriksaan koagulasi tersebut diperlukan apabila pasien memerlukan intervensi operatif. Golongan darah, screening darah dan crossmatch biasanya dilakukan apabila pasien memerlukan cadangan darah untuk operasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar C-reactive protein dan LED pada umumnya meningkat. Kultur darah (2 set): antara 20% dan 30% kultur darah memberikan hasil yang positif, banyak diantaranya menunjukkan infeksi polimikrobial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil urinalisis biasanya normal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Lipase: keterlibatan ductus choledochus bagian bawah dapat menimbulkan pancreatitis dan peningkatan kadar lipase. Sepertida dari pasien mengalami sedikit peningkatan pada kadar lipase. Peningkatan enzim pankreas menunjukkan bahwa batu saluran empedu menimbulkan cholangitis, dengan ataupun tanpa <i>gallstone pancreatitis</i> (pancreatitis yang disebabkan oleh batu empedu). Kultur empedu: kultur empedu dilakukan apabila pasien mengalami drainase bilier oleh interventional radiology atau endoscopy.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><br />
</div><ol start="2" style="color: yellow; margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Studi Pencitraan</span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Studi pencitraan penting untuk mengkonfirmasi keberadaan dan penyebab obstruksi bilier dan untuk menyingkirkan kondisi yang lain. Ultrasonografi dan CT scan merupakan pemeriksaan yang paling sering dilakukan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ultrasonografi sangat baik untuk melihat batu empedu dan cholecystitis. Pemeriksaan ini sangat sensitif dan spesifik untuk memeriksa kandung empedu dan menilai dilatasi saluran bilier, namun pemeriksaan ini sering melewatkan batu yang terdapat pada ductus biliaris distal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ultrasonografi transabdominal merupakan pemeriksaan awal pilihan. Ultrasonografi dapat membedakan obstruksi intrahepatik dari obstruksi ekstrahepatik dan memperlihatkan dilatasi ductus. Pada sebuah penelitian, hanya 13% choledocholithiasis dapat diamati pada USG, namun dilatasi CBD terdapat pada 64% kasus. Keuntungan USG adalah dapat dilakukan secara cepat di UGD (dengan USG portabel), kemampuan untuk melihan struktur lain (aorta, pancreas, liver), kemampuan untuk mengidentifikasi komplikasi (misal perforasi, empyema, abscess) dan tidak terdapatnya resiko radiasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerugian dari USG adalah hasil pemeriksaan yang bergantung pada kemampuan operator dan pasien (kadar lemak pasien dll), tidak mampu untuk melihat ductus cysticus, dan penurunan sensitivitas bagi batu saluran empedu distal. Hasil USG yang normal tidak dapat menyingkirkan diagnosis cholangitis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) merupakan pemeriksaan yang bersifat diagnostik dan terapeutik, dan merupakan kriteria standar bagi pencitraan sistem bilier. ERCP hanya dilakukan bagi pasien yang memerlukan intervensi terapeutik. Pasien dengan kecurigaan klinis yang tinggi bagi cholangitis sebaiknya segera dilakukan ERCP. ERCP memiliki tingkat keberhasilan yang besar (98%) dan dianggap lebih aman daripada intervensi bedah dan percutaneus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan ERCP sebagai alat diagnostik memiliki tingkat komplikasi sebesar 1,38% dan tingkat mortalitas sebesar 0,21%. Komplikasi utama dari ERCP terapeutik sebesar 5,4% dan tingkat mortalitasnya sebesar 0,49%. Komplikasinya meliputi pancreatitis, perdarahan, dan perforasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan CT bersifat tambahan dan dapat menggantikan USG. CT helical atau spiral dapat meningkatkan pencitraan saluran bilier. CT cholangiography mempergunakan zat kontras yang diambil oleh hepatosit dan disekresi menuju saluran bilier. Hal ini meningkatkan kemampuan untuk memvisualisasikan batu radioluscent dan meningkatkan tingkat deteksi dari patologi bilier lain. Ductuc intrahepatik dan ekstrahepatik dan inflamasi saluran bilier dapat terlihat pada CT scan. Batu empedu tidak dapat terlihat dengan baik pada CT Scan biasa,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan dari CT adalah: Kemampuan untuk melihat proses patologis lain yang merupakan penyebab ataupun komplikasi dari cholangitis (misal: tumor ampulla, cairan pericholecystic, abses hepar). Diagnosis diferential juga kadang dapat terlihat (misal: diverticulitis kolon kanan, nekrosis papilla, sebagian bukti pyelonephritis, iskemia mesenterium, dan appendix yang ruptur. Deteksi patologi bilier dengan CT cholangiography lewat pendekatan ERCP.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerugian dari CT meliputi kemampuan pencitraan batu empedu yang buruk, reaksi alergi terhadap kontras, paparan terhadap radiasi, dan kurangnya kemampuan untuk memvisualisasikan saluran bilier dengan kadar bilirubin serum yang meningkat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) merupakan studi noninvasif yang semakin sering dipergunakan untuk diagnosis batu bilier dan patologi bilier lain. MRCP akurat untuk mendeteksi choledocholithiasis, neoplasma, striktur, dan dilatasi sistem bilier. Keterbatasan MRCP meliputi ketidakmampuan untuk melakukan tes diagnostik invasif seperti pengambilan sample empedu, uji sitologis, pengambilan batu, ataupun stenting. Pemeriksaan MRCP memiliki keterbatasan dalam melihat batu dengan ukuran kecil (<6mm></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontraindikasi absolutnya sama dengan MRI tradisional, termasuk keberadaan alat pacu jantung (pacemaker), klip aneurisma serebral, implan okuler atau cochlear, dan benda asing pada okuler. Kontraindikasi relatif meliputi terdapatnya prosthesa katup jantung, neurostimulator, prosthese logam dan implan pada penis. Resiko MRCP pada kehamilan masih belum diketahui.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada umumnya, foto polos abdomen tidak banyak membantu pada diagnosis cholangitis akut. Ileus dapat diamati pada kasus tersebut. Antara 10-30% batu empedu memiliki cincin kalsium, sebagai akibatnya bersifat radioopak. Foto abdomen dapat menunjukkan udara dalam saluran bilier setelah manipulasi endoscopik apabila pasien mengalami cholecystitis emphysematosa, cholangitis, ataupun fistula cholecystic-enteric. Udara dalam dinding kandung empedu mengindikasikan cholecystitis emphysematosa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><br />
</div><ol start="3" style="color: yellow; margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan lain</span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Scintigrafi bilier (hepatic 2,6-dimethyliminodiacetic acid [HIDA] dan diisopropyl iminodiacetic acid [DISIDA]). Scan HIDA dan DISIDA merupakan uji fungsional dari kandung empedu. Obstruksi CBD menimbulkan nonvisualisasi dari usus kecil. Scan HIDA pada obstruksi total dari saluran bilier tidak memperlihatkan saluran bilier. Keuntungannya adalah kemampuan untuk menilai fungsi empedu dan hasilnya dapat positif dapat muncul sebelum pembesaran ductus dapat dilihap melalui USG.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerugiannya adalah apabila terdapat kadar bilirubin yang tinggi (>4,4) dapat menurunkan sensitifitas pemeriksaan ini. Keadaan baru makan atau tidak makan selama 24 jam juga dapat mempengaruhi pemeriksaan ini, selain itu pencitraan anatomis bagi struktur-struktur lain selain saluran bilier tidak memungkinkan. Pemeriksaan ini memerlukan waktu beberapa jam, sehingga tidak direkomendasikan pada pasien kritis atau pada pasien yang tidak stabil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">PENANGANAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukositosis, hiperbilirubinemia, dan peningkatan fosfatase alkali dan transaminase cukup sering terjadi, dan apabila terjadi, mendukung diagnosis klinis dari cholangitis. USG berguna apabila pasien belum pernah didiagnosa dengan batu empedu, karena USG dapat memperlihatkan batu kandung empedu, memperlihatkan ductus yang berdilatasi, dan dapat menentukan lokasi obstruksi. Tes diagnostik definitif adalah ERCP. Pada kasus dimana ERCP tidak dapat dilakukan, PTC diindikasikan. ERCP dan PTC akan menunjukkan tingkat obstruksi, namun penyebabnya tidak dapat ditentukan dengan cara ini. ERCP dan PTC dapat memungkinkan kultur empedu, memungkinkan pengangkatan batu (apabila ada), dan drainase saluran empedu dengan kateter drain atau stent.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengobatan pertama pada pasien dengan cholangitis meliputi antibiotik intravena dan resuscitasi cairan. Antibiotik cephalosporin (misal cefazolin, cefoxitin) merupakan obat pilihan pada kasus-kasus ringan sampai sedang. Apabila kasusnya berat atau memburuk secara progresif, obat-obatan aminoglikosida ditambah clindamycin ataupun metronidazole sebaiknya ditambahkan pada regimen pengobatan. Pasien tersebut mungkin memerlukan pemantauan di ICU dan dukungan vassopressor. Sebagian besar pasien akan merespon terhadap tindakan ini. Namun, saluran empedu yang mengalami obstruksi harus didrainase sesegera mungkin setelah pasien stabil. Sekitar 15% pasien tidak akan merespon terhadap terapi antibiotik intravena dan resusitasi cairan, dan dekompresi bilier darurat mungkin diperlukan. Dekompresi bilier dapat diakukan melalui endoskopi, melalui rute transhepatic percutaneus, ataupun secara bedah. Pemilihan prosedur tersebut sebaiknnya berdasarkan pada tingkat dan sigat obstruksi bilier. Pasien dengan choledocholithiasis atau keganasan periampuler paling baik ditangani menggunakan pendekatan endoskopik, dengan sphincterotomy dan pengangkatan batu, atau dengan penempatan stent bilier secara endoskopi. Pada pasien dengan obstruksi yang lebih proksimal atau terletah pada perihiler, atau penyakitnya disebabkan striktur pada anastomosis enterik-bilier, atau apabila usaha melalui jalur endoskopi mengalami kegagalan, drainase transhepatik perkutaneus dipergunakan. Apabila ERCP atau PTC tidak memungkinkan, operasi darurat dan dekompresi ductus choledochus dengan T tube mungkin diperlukan untuk menyelamatkan nyawa. Namun perlu diingat bahwa mortalitas pasien yang diobati dengan terapi bedah lebih tinggi daripada pasien yang berhasil diobati dengan endoskopi. Secara keseluruhan tingkat kematian pada pasien dengan cholangitis karena batu empedu sebesar 2% dan kematian pada pasien dengan toxic cholangitis adalah sebesar 5%.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Terapi operasi definitif sebaiknya ditunda sampa cholangitis selesai ditangani dan diagnosis yang tepat ditegakkan. Pasien dengan stent yang terpasang dan mengalami cholangitis biasanya memerlukan uji pencitraan berulang dang penggantian stent dengan guidewire.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi segera (misal: sphincterotomy endoscopik, PTC, atau operasi dekompresi) diperlukan pada 10% pasien dengan cholangitis akut. 90% sisanya pada akhirnya akan diobati dengan pembedahan elektif atau sphincterotomy endoskopik setelah terapi antibiotik dan evaluasi diagnostik yang seksama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Cholangitis akut berhubungan dengan tingkat mortalitas total sebesar 5%. Saat terdapat gagal ginjal, gangguan jantung, abses hepar dan keganasan, tingkat mortalitas dan morbiditasnya jauh lebih tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGOBATAN LAIN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Extracorporeal shock-wave lihotripsy (ESWL) pertama kali dipergunakan untuk menghancurkan batu ginjal. Teknik ini telah dikembangkan untuk pengobatan batu empedu, baik pada kandung empedu maupun pada saluran empedu. Pengobatan ini sering dikombinasikan dengan prosedur endoskopik untuk memudahkan lewatnya batu yang telah terfragmentasi atau pengobatan oral yang dapat melarutkan fragmen tersebut. Kadang kala, batu dapat dilarutkan dengan mempergunakan berbagai bahan kimia yang dimasukkan langsung pada slauran bilier,</span></div><div style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span> </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGKAJIAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Identitas </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Cholangitis cukup jarang terjadi. Biasanya terjadi bersamaan dengan penyakit lain yang menimbulkan obstruksi bilier dan bactibilia (misal: setelah prosedur ERCP, 1-3% pasien mengalami cholangitis).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Keluhan Utama</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada penderita kolangitis, klien mengeluh nyeri perut kanan atas, nyeri tidak menjalar/menetap, nyeri pada saat menarik nafas dan nyeri seperti ditusuk – tusuk.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat Penyakit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat Penyakit Dahulu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat medis pasien mungkin dapat membantu. Contohnya riwayat dari keadaan-keadaan berikut dapat meningkatkan resiko cholangitis:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Batu kandung empedu atau batu saluran empedu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Pasca cholecystectomy</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Manipulasi endoscopik atau ERCP, cholangiogram</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Riwayat cholangitis sebelumnya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o Riwayat HIV atau AIDS: cholangitis yang berhubungan dengan AIDS memiliki ciri edema bilier ekstrahepatik, ulserasi, dan obstruksi bilier. Etiologinya masih belum jelas namun dapat berhubungan dengan cytomegalovirus atau infeksi Cryptosporidium. Penanganannya akan dijelaskan di bawah, dekompresi biasanya tidak diperlukan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat Penyakit Sekarang </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak pasien yang datang dengan ascending cholangitis tidak memiliki gejala-gejala klasik tersebut. Sebagian besar pasien mengeluhkan nyeri pada abdomen kuadran lateral atas; namun sebagian pasien (misal: pasien lansia) terlalu sakit untuk melokalisasi sumber infeksi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala-gejala lain yang dapat terjadi meliputi: Jaundice, demam, menggigil dan kekakuan (rigors), nyeri abdomen, pruritus, tinja yang acholis atau hypocholis, dan malaise.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat penyakit keluarga </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlu dikaji apakah klien mempunyai penyakit keturunan seperti diabetes mellitus, hipertensi, anemia sel sabit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan body system </span></div><ol start="1" style="color: yellow; margin-top: 0cm;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">System Pernapasan</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144pt; text-indent: -72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi : Dada tampak simetris, pernapasan dangkal, klien tampak gelisah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135pt; text-indent: -63pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpasi : Vocal vremitus teraba merata.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135pt; text-indent: -63pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkusi : Sonor.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135pt; text-indent: -63pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Auskultasi : Tidak terdapat suara nafas tambahan (ronchii, wheezing)</span></div><ol start="2" style="color: yellow; margin-top: 0cm;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">System Kardiovaskuler</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat takikardi dan diaforesis.</span></div><ol start="3" style="color: yellow; margin-top: 0cm;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem Neurology</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak terdapat gangguan pada system neurology.</span></div><ol start="4" style="color: yellow; margin-top: 0cm;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">System Pencernaan</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144pt; text-indent: -72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi : tampak ada distensi abdomen diperut kanan atas, klien mengeluh mual dan muntah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144pt; text-indent: -72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Auskultasi : peristaltic ( 5 – 12 x/mnt) flatulensi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144pt; text-indent: -72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkusi : adanya pembengkakan di abdomen atas/quadran kanan atas, nyeri tekan epigastrum.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144pt; text-indent: -72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpasi : hypertympani. </span></div><ol start="5" style="color: yellow; margin-top: 0cm;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">System Eliminasi</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna urine lebih pekat dan warna feses seperti tanah liat.</span></div><ol start="6" style="color: yellow; margin-top: 0cm;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">System integument</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat icterik/jaundice dengan kulit berkeringat dan gatal.</span></div><ol start="7" style="color: yellow; margin-top: 0cm;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">System muskuluskeletal</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat kelemahan otot karena gangguan produksi ATP.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">DIAGNOSA KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">1. nyeri berhubungan dengan proses inflamasi </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">2. gangguan pemenuham nutrisi berhubungan dengan mual muntah </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">3. gangguan pola tidur/istirahat berhubungan dengan iritasi peritonial.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">4. gangguan keseimbangan berhubungan dengan reaksi inflamasi </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">5. resiko anemia berhubungan dengan kekurangan vitamin K</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">6. resiko dehidrasi berhubungan dengan mual muntah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">INTERVENSI </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri akut berhubungan dengan proses inflamasi </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">tujuan : nyeri berkurang setrelah dilakukan tindakan keperwatan 1 x 24 jam. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">kriteria hasil : keadaan umum normal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">klien mengatakan nyerinya berkurang </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">wajah tampak rileks tidak lagi menyeringai keskitan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Skala nyeri ( 1 – 3 )</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ttv dalam batas normal </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">1. observasi dan catat lokasi, beratnya ( skala 0 – 10 ) dan karakter nyeri ( menetap, hilang timbul/kolik )</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ membantu membedakan penyebab nyeri dan memberikan informasi tentang kemajuan/perbaikan penyakit, terjadinya komplikasi, dan keefektifan intervensi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">2. tingkatkan tirah baring, biarkan pasien melakukan posisi yang nyaman.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ tirah baring pada posisi fowler rendah meurunkan tekanan intra abdomen.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">3. dorong menggunakan tehnik relaksasi, contoh bimbingan imajinasi, visualisasi, latihan nafas dalam.berikan aktivitas senggang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/meningkatkan istirahat, memusatkan kembali perhatian dapat meningkatkan koping.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">4. berikan obat sesuai indikasi : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">· antikolinergik, contoh atrophin propantelin(probantine)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/menhilangkan reflek spasme/kontraksi otot halus dan membantu dalam manajemen nyeri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">· Sedative, contoh fenobarbitol.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ meningkatkan istirahat dan merilekskan otot halus, menhilangkan nyeri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan pemenuhan nutrisi berhubungan dengan mual muntah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan : Pemenuhan nutrisi adekuat setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama 2x24 jam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria hasil : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">- Klien menyebutkan penyebab mual/muntah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">- Klien mengatakan mual/muntah berkurang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">- Klien menunjukkan kemajuan mencapai berat badan ideal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">- TTV dalam batas normal :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">T : 110/60-130/90 mmHg n : 60-100 x/menit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">S : 39-372 0C RR : 16-20 x/menit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">BB : (TB-100) – 10% (TB-100)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Berikan penjelasan kepada klien dan keluarga tentang penyebab mual / muntah serta tindakan yang akan dilakukan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ meningkatkan pengetahuan klien tentang penyebab masalah serta mendorong klien agar lebih kooperatif terhadap tindakan yang akan dilakukan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Kaji distensi abdomen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R./ tanda nonverbal ketidaknyamanan b/d gangguan pencernaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Hitung pemasukan kalori</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ mengidentifikasi kekurangan / kelebihan kebutuhan nutrisi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Berikan suasana menyenangkan pada saat makan, hilangkan rangsangan berbau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ untuk meningkatkan nafsu makan / menurunkan mual</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Berikan kebersihan oral sebelum makan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ mulut yang bersih meningkatkan nafsu makan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Tawarkan minuman seduhan saat makan, bila toleran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ dapat mengurangi mual dan menghilangkan gas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Sajikan makanan dengan porsi sedikit tapi sering</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ menurunkan frekuensi mual</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Kolaborasi dengan ahli gizi / diet tentang pemberian diet rendah lemak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ pembatasan lemak menurunkan rangsangan pada kandung empedu dan nyeri sehubungan dengan tidak semua lemak dicerna dan berguna dalam mencegah kekambuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: -13.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">8. Kolaborasi dengan tim dokter tentang pemberian garam empedu ( Biliron : Zanchol, decholin) sesuai indikasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan volume cairan (resiko tinggi terhadap) berhubungan dengan muntah, distensi dan hipermotilitas gaster, gangguan proses pembekuan</span></b></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan : Menunjukkan keseimbangan cairan yang adekuat</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria hasil :</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">- Turgor kulit yang baik</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">- Membran mukosa lembab</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">- Pengisian kapiler baik</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">- Urine cukup</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">- TTV stabil</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">- Tidak ada muntah</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Rencana intervensi :</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Pertahankan intakke dan output cairan</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ mempertahankan volume sirkulasi</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Awasi tanda rangsangan muntah</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ muntah berkepanjangan, aspirasi gaster dan pembatasan pemasukan oral menimbulkan degfisit natrium, kalium dan klorida</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Anjurkan cukup minum (1 botol aqua 1500 ml/hr)</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ mempertahankan keseimbangan cairan dalam tubuh</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Kolaborasi :</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">- Pemberian antiemetik</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">- Pemberian cairan IV</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">- Pemasangan NGT</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurang pengetahuan tentang penyakit, prognosa, pengobatan berhubungan dengan salah interpretasi informasi</span></b></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan : menyatakan pemahaman klien</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria hasil : Melakukan perubahan pola hidup dan berpartisipasi dalam pengobatan</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Rencana intervensi :</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Kaji informasi yang pernah didapat</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ mengkaji tingkat pemahaman klien</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Beri penjelasn tentang penyakit, prognosa, dan tindakan diagnostik</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ memungkinkan terjadinya partisipasi aktif</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Beritahukan diit yang tepat, teknik relaksasi, untuk persiapan operasi</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Anjurkan teknik istirahat yang harus dilaporkan tentang penyakitnya</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Anjurkan untuk menghindari makanan atau minuman tinggi lemak</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ mencegah / membatasi terulangnya serangan kandung empedu</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Diskusikan program penurunan berat badan</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ kegemukan adalah faktor resiko terjadinya cholangitis</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Kaji ulang program obat, kemungkinan efek samping</span></div><div style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ batu empedu sering berulang, perlu terapi jangka panjang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><br />
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</div><div style="color: yellow;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: -48pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Barbara C. Long (1996), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perawatan Medikal Bedah: Suatu Pendekatan Proses Keperawatan,</i> The C.V Mosby Company St. Louis, USA.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Barbara Engram (1998), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rencana Asuhan Keperawatan Medikal – Bedah Jilid I,</i> Peneribit Buku Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">CM Townsend, RD Beauchamp et al., 2004. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, Biological basis of modern surgical practice, 17<sup>th</sup> Ed, Elsevier-Saunders</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">CT Albanese, JT Anderson et al., 2006. Current surgery diagnosis and treatment. Mc Graww Hill Companies.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">FC Brunicardi, DK Andersen et al., 2007. Schwartz Principle’s of Surgery, 8<sup>th</sup> Ed. Mc Graww Hill Companies.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: yellow; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Marylin E. Doenges (2000), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rencana Asuhan Keperawatan: Pedoman Untuk Perencanaan dan Pendokumentasian Perawatan Pasien edisi 3,</i> Penerbit Buku Kedoketran EGC, Jakarta.</span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-79989780823851337372012-02-11T14:40:00.001-08:002012-02-11T14:40:40.585-08:00History of Indonesian Batik<h2 align="center"><strong><span style="color: #999999; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sejarah Batik Indonesia</span></strong></h2><br />
<div align="justify"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><strong> <dd> Batik secara historis berasal dari zaman nenek moyang yang dikenal sejak</dd> abad XVII yang ditulis dan dilukis pada daun lontar. Saat itu motif atau pola batik masih didominasi dengan bentuk binatang dan tanaman. Namun dalam sejarah perkembangannya batik mengalami perkembangan, yaitu dari corak-corak lukisan binatang dan tanaman lambat laun beralih pada motif abstrak yang menyerupai awan, relief candi, wayang beber dan sebagainya. Selanjutnya melalui penggabungan corak lukisan dengan seni dekorasi pakaian, muncul seni batik tulis seperti yang kita kenal sekarang ini.<br />
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Jenis dan corak batik tradisional tergolong amat banyak, namun corak dan variasinya sesuai dengan filosofi dan budaya masing-masing daerah yang amat beragam. Khasanah budaya Bangsa Indonesia yang demikian kaya telah mendorong lahirnya berbagai corak dan jenis batik tradisioanal dengan ciri kekhususannya sendiri.</strong></span><br />
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<h3><strong><span style="color: #999999; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Perkembangan Batik di Indonesia</span></strong></h3><strong><span style="color: #999999; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Sejarah pembatikan di Indonesia berkaitan dengan perkembangan kerajaan Majapahit dan kerajaan sesudahnya. Dalam beberapa catatan, pengembangan batik banyak dilakukan pada masa-masa kerajaan Mataram, kemudian pada masa kerajaan Solo dan Yogyakarta.<br />
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Kesenian batik merupakan kesenian gambar di atas kain untuk pakaian yang menjadi salah satu kebudayaan keluarga raja-raja Indonesia zaman dulu. Awalnya batik dikerjakan hanya terbatas dalam kraton saja dan hasilnya untuk pakaian raja dan keluarga serta para pengikutnya. Oleh karena banyak dari pengikut raja yang tinggal diluar kraton, maka kesenian batik ini dibawa oleh mereka keluar kraton dan dikerjakan ditempatnya masing-masing.<br />
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<tr> <td height="190" width="32%"><img alt="Proses pembuatan batik" border="1" height="250" src="http://batikmarkets.com/img/buat_batik.jpg" title=" Proses pembuatan batik " width="220" /></td> <td valign="top" width="68%"><div align="justify"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><strong>Dalam perkembangannya lambat laun kesenian batik ini ditiru oleh rakyat terdekat dan selanjutnya meluas menjadi pekerjaan kaum wanita dalam rumah tangganya untuk mengisi waktu senggang. Selanjutnya, batik yang tadinya hanya pakaian keluarga istana, kemudian menjadi pakaian rakyat yang digemari, baik wanita maupun pria.<br />
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Bahan kain putih yang dipergunakan waktu itu adalah hasil tenunan sendiri. Sedang bahan-bahan pewarna yang dipakai terdiri dari tumbuh-tumbuhan asli Indonesia yang dibuat sendiri antara lain dari : pohon mengkudu, tinggi, soga, nila, dan bahan sodanya dibuat dari soda abu, serta garamnya dibuat dari tanah lumpur.</strong></span></div></td> </tr>
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Jadi kerajinan batik ini di Indonesia telah dikenal sejak zaman kerajaan Majapahit dan terus berkembang hingga kerajaan berikutnya. Adapun mulai meluasnya kesenian batik ini menjadi milik rakyat Indonesia dan khususnya suku Jawa ialah setelah akhir abad ke-XVIII atau awal abad ke-XIX. Batik yang dihasilkan ialah semuanya batik tulis sampai awal abad ke-XX dan batik cap dikenal baru setelah usai perang dunia kesatu atau sekitar tahun 1920. Kini batik sudah menjadi bagian pakaian tradisional Indonesia.</span></strong><br />
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<h3><strong><span style="color: #999999; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Batik Pekalongan</span></strong></h3><strong><span style="color: #999999; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Meskipun tidak ada catatan resmi kapan batik mulai dikenal di Pekalongan, namun menurut perkiraan batik sudah ada di Pekalongan sekitar tahun 1800. Bahkan menurut data yang tercatat di Deperindag, motif batik itu ada yang dibuat 1802, seperti motif pohon kecil berupa bahan baju.<br />
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Namun perkembangan yang signifikan diperkirakan terjadi setelah perang besar pada tahun 1825-1830 di kerajaan Mataram yang sering disebut dengan perang Diponegoro atau perang Jawa. Dengan terjadinya peperangan ini mendesak keluarga kraton serta para pengikutnya banyak yang meninggalkan daerah kerajaan. Mereka kemudian tersebar ke arah Timur dan Barat. Kemudian di daerah - daerah baru itu para keluarga dan pengikutnya mengembangkan batik.<br />
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Ke timur batik Solo dan Yogyakarta menyempurnakan corak batik yang telah ada di Mojokerto serta Tulungagung hingga menyebar ke Gresik, Surabaya dan Madura. Sedang ke arah Barat batik berkembang di Banyumas, Kebumen, Tegal, Cirebon dan Pekalongan. Dengan adanya migrasi ini, maka batik Pekalongan yang telah ada sebelumnya semakin berkembang.<br />
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Seiring berjalannya waktu, Batik Pekalongan mengalami perkembangan pesat dibandingkan dengan daerah lain. Di daerah ini batik berkembang di sekitar daerah pantai, yaitu di daerah Pekalongan kota dan daerah Buaran, Pekajangan serta Wonopringgo.<br />
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<tr> <td width="34%"><img alt="Museum batik Pekalongan" border="1" src="http://batikmarkets.com/img/musium%20batik%20pekalongan.jpg" title=" Musium batik Pekalongan " /></td> <td valign="top" width="66%"><div align="justify"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><strong> Perjumpaan masyarakat Pekalongan dengan berbagai bangsa seperti Cina, Belanda, Arab, India, Melayu dan Jepang pada zaman lampau telah mewarnai dinamika pada motif dan tata warna seni batik.<br />
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Sehubungan dengan itu beberapa jenis motif batik hasil pengaruh dari berbagai negara tersebut kemudian dikenal sebagai identitas batik Pekalongan. Adapun motifnya antara lain batik Jlamprang diilhami dari Negeri India dan Arab, batik Encim dan Klengenan, dipengaruhi oleh peranakan Cina, batik Pagi Sore oleh Belanda, dan batik Hokokai, tumbuh pesat sejak pendudukan Jepang.<br />
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Perkembangan budaya teknik cetak motif tutup celup dengan menggunakan malam (lilin) di atas kain yang kemudian disebut batik, memang tak bisa dilepaskan dari pengaruh negara-negara itu. Ini memperlihatkan konteks kelenturan batik dari masa ke masa.<br />
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Batik Pekalongan menjadi sangat khas karena bertopang sepenuhnya pada ratusan pengusaha kecil, bukan pada segelintir pengusaha bermodal besar. Sejak berpuluh tahun lampau hingga sekarang, sebagian besar proses produksi batik Pekalongan dikerjakan di rumah-rumah. Akibatnya, batik Pekalongan menyatu erat dengan kehidupan masyarakat Pekalongan yang kini terbagi dalam dua wilayah administratif, yakni Kotamadya Pekalongan dan Kabupaten Pekalongan.<br />
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Pasang surut perkembangan batik Pekalongan, memperlihatkan Pekalongan layak menjadi ikon bagi perkembangan batik di Nusantara. Ikon bagi karya seni yang tak pernah menyerah dengan perkembangan zaman dan selalu dinamis. Kini batik sudah menjadi nafas kehidupan sehari-hari warga Pekalongan dan merupakan salah satu produk unggulan. Hal itu disebabkan banyaknya industri yang menghasilkan produk batik. Karena terkenal dengan produk batiknya, Pekalongan dikenal sebagai <a class="nav" href="http://batikmarkets.com/batik_pekalongan.php" title="Pekalongan Kota Batik"> Kota Batik</a>. Julukan itu datang dari suatu tradisi yang cukup lama berakar di Pekalongan. Selama periode yang panjang itulah, aneka sifat, ragam kegunaan, jenis rancangan, serta mutu batik ditentukan oleh iklim dan keberadaan serat-serat setempat, faktor sejarah, perdagangan dan kesiapan masyarakatnya dalam menerima paham serta pemikiran baru.<br />
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Batik yang merupakan karya seni budaya yang dikagumi dunia, diantara ragam tradisional yang dihasilkan dengan teknologi celup rintang, tidak satu pun yang mampu hadir seindah dan sehalus batik Pekalongan.</span></strong><br />
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-63313829199562309232012-01-26T19:28:00.000-08:002012-01-26T19:28:37.252-08:00Isi Surat Permohonan Maaf Afriyani SusantiRABU (25/1) malam, keluarga Afriyani Susanti, pengemudi mobil Daihatsu Xenia yang menabrak para pejalan kaki hingga menewaskan 9 orang pada Minggu (22/1) lalu, menemui sejumlah media. <br />
<img alt="afriyani-susanti-surat-1" height="507" src="http://www.tabloidbintang.com/images/stories/img/MUSIK__PENYANYI/afriyani-susanti-surat-1.jpg" style="float: right; margin: 8px;" width="350" /><img alt="afriyani-susanti-surat-2" height="399" src="http://www.tabloidbintang.com/images/stories/img/MUSIK__PENYANYI/afriyani-susanti-surat-2.jpg" style="float: right; margin: 8px;" width="350" />Dalam kesempatan tersebut, keluarga yang terdiri dari ibunya Yurneli, kakaknya Agus Ari Susanto, dan dua adiknya Rullyanto serta Ayu Dyah Safitri, membawa dua lembar surat pernyataan bermeterai yang ditulis langsung oleh Afriyani.<br />
Berikut isi surat tersebut:<br />
<em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">ASSALLAM MUALAIKUM WRH, WbR</span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Dengan ini Saya Afriyani Susanti, melampirkan Surat Permohonan Maaf atas kecelakaan yang terjadi pada hari Minggu tanggal 22 Januari 2012 Lewat keluarga saya dan kuasa hukum saya.</span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Sesungguhnya saya telah merasakan penyesalan yang sangat terdalam kepada semua korban dari saat kejadian tersebut hingga khir dari perjalanan hidup saya nanti. Terkhusus untuk seluruh Keluarga Korban… Saya tak lagi bisa berkata-kata untuk Mengungkapkan Rasa Penyesalan yang teramat dalam. Maafkan Saya atas semua kehilangan Anda, maafkan saya atas kehilangan Cinta anda, Maafkan saya...</span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Maafkan saya atas atas semua kehilangan Anda, maafkan saya atas kehilangan cinta Anda, maafkan saya atas kehilangan pengharapan Anda, maafkan saya....Demi Allah saya memohon maaf atas semuanya... saya mungkin tak patut mendapatkan maaf dari Anda semua... tapi izinkan saya untuk mengatakan ‘Maaf...Maaf...Maaf!</span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Di kesempatan ini saya juga ingin meminta maaf kepada Kakak saya, Adik2 saya, Om, Tante, Sodara2 saya, sahabat dan seluruh teman2 saya… maafkan saya.. dan terima kasih untuk semua doa dan dukungannya.</span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Untuk ibu saya….</span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Maafkan saya bu… anak ibu yang tak sedikit pun, sempat membahagiakan ibu… Doa Ibu cukup untuk membuat saya merasa lebih berarti dari apa pun… maaf bu… maaf.</span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Akhir kata… Saya Afriyani Susanti memohon ampun dr Allh SWT, atas kekhilafan yang saya perbuat, ya Allah.</span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Semoga Kau terima tobatan nasuha Hamba. Dan hamba memohon Bukakan pintu Kebaikan dan kemudahan untuk para Korban.</span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Untuk Keluarga yang ditinggalkan semoga diberikan ketabahan, dan kemudhan.</span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Sekali lagi saya mohon maaf… maafkan Saya atas semuanya…maafkan…maafkan…maafkan saya…</span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Wassalammualaikum Wrh. Wbr.</span></em>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-28518516605688366162012-01-26T19:26:00.000-08:002012-01-26T19:26:38.914-08:00Mulut Afriyani belum minta maaf secara langsung..<strong>VIVAnews</strong> - Keluarga korban dan masyarakat menuntut agar sopir Daihatsu Xenia B 2479 XI , Afriyani Susanti, meminta maaf secara langsung, tidak diwakili keluarga maupun kuasa hukum.<br />
Namun Polisi menilai sampai saat ini wanita berbadan tambun tersebut belum bisa dihadirkan karena masih menjalani proses penyidikan.<br />
<br />
"Nantilah, ada waktunya nanti ia kami hadirkan, harap bersabar," kata Kepala Bidang Humas Polda Metro Jaya Komisaris Besar Rikwanto di Jakarta, Jumat 27 Januari 2012.<br />
<br />
Dia mengatakan, Afriyani baru bisa dihadirkan bila proses penyidikan terhadap tersangka kecelakaan maut yang menewaskan sembilan orang di Jalan Ridwan Rais, Jakarta Pusat ini telah selesai.<br />
"Penyidik masih membutuhkan dia untuk pemeriksaan, kalau sudah selesai, baru (dihadirkan)," ujar Rikwanto.<br />
<br />
Menurutnya sampai kemarin saja pemeriksaan terhadap Afriyani berlangsung cukup lama. "Pemeriksaan terhadap AS berlangsung maraton, bahkan diperiksa sampai belasan jam," katanya.<br />
<br />
Salah satu keluarga korban, Mulyadi Hamdan, menegaskan dia dan keluarga sama sekali tidak dapat memaafkan pengemudi Xenia yang menewaskan anaknya, Ari alias Buhari, 17.<br />
Menurut Mulyadi, walaupun keluarga sang penabrak, Afriyani Susanti, datang ke rumahnya dengan seribu maaf, permintaan maaf tidak akan mereka beri.<br />
<br />
"Saya sama sekali tidak akan memaafkan. Tidak terima sebelum dia dihukum mati atau [penjara] seumur hidup," kata Mulyadi.<br />
<br />
Begitu pula jika, keluarga pelaku mendatangi rumahnya dan memohonkan maaf. Dia tetap teguh dalam pendirian.<br />
<br />
"Keluarga tersangka mau datang silakan, saya tidak ada urusan. Urusan saya adalah sama anaknya," terang Mulyadi.<br />
<br />
Dia pun mempersilakan pelaku dan keluarga bermain-main dalam proses persidangan, sehingga pada akhirnya dapat memperingan hukuman.<br />
<br />
Namun Mulyadi secara terang-terangan akan menunggu untuk memastikan hukuman setimpal bagi wanita 29 tahun itu. Jika tidak, maka dia mengaku akan membalas kematian anaknya.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoPowFg0O8lPrsSOE6rybU4hPLCCrvK-UtzV0jDeTsrg83vxDTUU2Jjczcm_62vXsRzgokUh8y9OmTLt1Ack2wAGOY-x_MyfSF3dzAxMmqBmuSiCb6LWPzEJ3mzbjlhho6aSiLw04Obio2/s1600/Twitter-Afriani-Susanti-Palsu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoPowFg0O8lPrsSOE6rybU4hPLCCrvK-UtzV0jDeTsrg83vxDTUU2Jjczcm_62vXsRzgokUh8y9OmTLt1Ack2wAGOY-x_MyfSF3dzAxMmqBmuSiCb6LWPzEJ3mzbjlhho6aSiLw04Obio2/s320/Twitter-Afriani-Susanti-Palsu.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>"Hakim memvonis 6-7 tahun silakan, saya yang tunggu kebebasan dia. Saya tidak main-main, tak ikhlas. Anda semua jadi bukti ucapan saya," ancam Mulyadi. (eh)Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-22503498579682195032012-01-26T03:26:00.001-08:002012-01-26T03:26:56.795-08:00daftar pustaka peran keluarga dalam melatih interaksi sosial anak autisme<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Astuti. 2008. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pola Interaksi Sosial Anak Autis Di Sekolah Khusus Autis</i>. http//eprints.lib.ui.ac.id. di akses pada tanggal 9 Agustus 2011</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Arikunto, S. 1994. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek</i>. Jakarta: PT. Renika Cipta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Arikunto, S. 2006. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek Edisi Revisi VI</i>. Jakarta: PT. Renika Cipta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">Effendy, Nasrul. 1998. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Keperawatan Keluarga Teori Dan Praktek. </i>Jakarta: EGC</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Friedman. 1998. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Keperawatan Keluarga Edisi 3.</i> Jakarta: EGC</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">H, Tanto, dkk. 2005. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asuhan Keperawatan Keluarga</i>. Jakarta: Buntara Media</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Sunaryo. 2004. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Psikologi untuk keperawatan</i>. Jakarta: EGC</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Handojo, Y. 2003. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Autisma</i>. Jakarta: PT Bhuana Ilmu Populer</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">Hakim, RN. 2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Autisme Bukan Penghalang Keberhasilan</i> (on line). <a href="http://www.wikipedi.co.id/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">www.wikipedi.co.id</span></a>. Agustus 2011</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">Hidayat, AA. 2005. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Ilmu Keperawatan Anak 1 Edisi Pertama</i>. Jakarta: Salemba Medika</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">Hidayat, AA. 2005. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Ilmu Keperawatan Anak 1 Edisi Kedua</i>. Jakarta: Salemba Medika</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">Notoatmodjo, S. 2005. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan Edisi Revisi</i>. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Notoatmodjo. 2002. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan</i>. Jakarta: EGC</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">Wijaya, NS. 2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pemahaman Tentang Autisme Terhadap Penerimaan Orang Tua Yang Memiliki Anak Autisme</i> (on line).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>http://fpsikologi.wisnuwardhana.ac.id. 9 Agustus 2011</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">Wenar, C. 1994. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Developmental Psychology</i> (on line). <a href="http://cari-pdf.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://cari-pdf.com</span></a>. Juni 2003</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">Yatim, F. 2007. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Suatu Gangguan Jiwa Pada Anak-Anak</i>. Jakarta: Pustaka Populer Obor.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 47.25pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-70428702674365882932011-11-18T05:14:00.000-08:002011-11-18T05:14:09.244-08:00perolehan medali emas sementara sea games 2011Hasil itu jauh meninggalkan pesiang terdekat, Vietnam yang hanya mampu mengumpulkan 199 medali 69 emas 64 perak 66 perunggu . Hingga Jumat (18/11) pukul 14:30 WIB Tim Indonesia berhasil menambah 8 medali emas, 4 medali perak dan 1 medali perunggu sehingga memperbanyak pundi-pundi medali Indonesia menjadi 281 medali.<br />
Vietnam yang secara mengejutkan berhasil menyalip Thailand masih kokoh di posisi ke dua dengan tambahan 1 medali emas dan 1 perak. Indonesia nyaris menyapu bersih semua medali emas yang di lombakan hingga siang hari ini.<br />
Sayangnya Jadi Setiadi gagal mempersembahkan emas dan harus mengakui keunggulan atlit Vietnam Tran Le Quoc Toan yang berhasil menyabet medali emas untuk cabang angkat berat 56 Kg. Berikut adalah perolehan medali sementara yang berhasil dihimpun INILAH.COM<br />
Negara Emas Perak Perunggu Total<br />
Indonesia 116 88 77 281<br />
Vietnam 69 64 66 199<br />
Thailand 65 59 73 197<br />
Malaysia 37 39 53 129<br />
Singapura 32 36 59 127Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-33668526774041129842011-11-01T20:14:00.001-07:002011-11-01T20:14:00.929-07:00the beautiful komodo island in IndonesiaIndonesia memang negeri yang elok. Hal ini sudah diakui oleh dunia. Salah satu tempat di Indonesia yang diakui spektakuler adalah pulau Komodo. Tempat tersebut dicatat oleh United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) sebagai salah satu tempat yang dilindungi. Berikut adalah tempat-tempat favorit peninggalan dunia.<br />
1. Batu pematang raksasa (Giant’s Causeway), Irlandia Utara<br />
Lebih dari 40.000 batu vulkanis kokoh muncul di lautan sebagai hasil aktivitas vulkanis sekitar 50-60juta tahun lalu.<br />
<img alt="causeway-ireland-625x4501" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-317" height="216" src="http://aghus.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/causeway-ireland-625x4501.jpg?w=300&h=216" title="causeway-ireland-625x4501" width="300" /><br />
<span id="more-308"></span><br />
2. Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley), Mesir<br />
Area ini berada di selatan Kairo Mesir yang menceritakan evolusi. Tulang dan rangka berserakan yang memperlihatkan transformasi paus dari binatang di daratan menuju mamalia yang berenang di lautan<br />
<img alt="whale-valley-unesco-625x450" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-310" height="216" src="http://aghus.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/whale-valley-unesco-625x450.jpg?w=300&h=216" title="whale-valley-unesco-625x450" width="300" /><br />
3. Danau Baikal, Siberia Tenggara<br />
Terbentuk 25 juta tahun lalu, danau ini adalah danau tertua, terdalam di dunia. Kedalaman mencapai 5577 kaki (sekitar 1.8km).<br />
<img alt="lake-baikal-nsf-625x450" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-311" height="216" src="http://aghus.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/lake-baikal-nsf-625x450.jpg?w=300&h=216" title="lake-baikal-nsf-625x450" width="300" /><br />
4.Komodo National Park, Indonesia<br />
Taman nasional komodo ini adalah tempat lebih dari 5700 kadal raksasa alias komodo. Di tempat ini juga tinggal 4000 orang. Taman ini berlokasi di pulau vulkanis daerah Wallacea Indonesia. Tempat ini satu-satunya habitat alami komodo di dunia, dan diakui oleh World Wildlife Federation dan Conservatioan International sebagai prioritas konservasi global.<br />
<img alt="komodo-islands-625x450" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-312" height="216" src="http://aghus.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/komodo-islands-625x450.jpg?w=300&h=216" title="komodo-islands-625x450" width="300" /><br />
5.Grand Canyon, Amerika Serikat<br />
Diketahui sebagai salah satu dari tujuh tempat keajaiban dunia. Grand Canyon diperkirakan terjadi 65 juta tahun lalau saat Colorado Plateou terangkat ke atas sepanjang 1.5 mil di atas permukaan laut.<br />
<img alt="grand-canyon-625x450" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-313" height="216" src="http://aghus.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/grand-canyon-625x450.jpg?w=300&h=216" title="grand-canyon-625x450" width="300" />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-50072423669551217422011-10-24T01:58:00.001-07:002011-10-24T01:58:59.364-07:00Introducing Madagascar<h2>Introducing Madagascar</h2><div class="destinationMapLink clearfix"> <a class="pin toggleMap closed" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/madagascar#" id="pinToggleMap" style="display: block;"><span class="showMapText">Show map</span></a> </div><em><strong>Travel Alert:</strong> The political situation is unpredictable in Madagascar and travellers should exercise caution. Refer to the <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/default.stm" target="_blank">BBC</a> for news updates or the <a href="http://www.safetravel.govt.nz/destinations/madagascar.shtml" target="_blank">Safe Travel</a> for current government warnings.</em><br />
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</div></div></div>Forget Hollywood fripperies, Madagascar is like no place else on earth. In fact, all things considered, it barely qualifies as part of <a href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinationRedirector?atlasId=355064">Africa</a>: the two are separated by hundreds of kilometres of sea and 165 million years of evolution – long enough for Madagascar’s plants and animals to evolve into some of the weirdest forms on the planet. Nowhere else can you see over 70 varieties of lemur, including one that sounds like a police siren, the world’s biggest and smallest chameleons, and the last stomping ground of the elephant bird, the largest bird that ever lived. Near <a href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinationRedirector?atlasId=355404">Ifaty</a> in <a href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinationRedirector?atlasId=355398">Southern Madagascar</a> you will see forests of twisted, spiny ‘octopus’ trees and in the west, marvel at the bottle-shaped baobabs, especially the Avenue du Boabab near <a href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinationRedirector?atlasId=355411">Morondava</a>. And be on the look out for the carnivorous pitcher plant found around <a href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinationRedirector?atlasId=355366">Ranomafana</a>, there are over 60 varieties of them. Not for nothing is Madagascar regarded as the world’s number one conservation priority. <br />
And the people are no less interesting: arriving here some 2000 years ago along the Indian Ocean trade routes, they grow rice in terraced paddies, and speak a language that has more in common with their origins in Southeast Asia than with the African continent. Their culture is steeped in taboo and magic, imbuing caves, waterfalls, animals and even some material objects with supernatural attributes. Hill peoples live in traditional multistoried brick houses with carved balconies and, in some areas, dance with their dead ancestors in the ‘turning of the bones’ ceremony. <br />
Throw in a soupçon of pirate history, coastlines littered with shipwrecks, great regional cooking, some of the world’s longest place names, and unfailingly polite and friendly people, and you’ll experience a refreshing take on the overused ‘unique’ tag. <br />
<strong>Last updated:</strong> Jun 7, 2010<br />
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<li class="last"> <a class="tipsHero" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/madagascar/travel-tips-and-articles/75928"><img alt="Locals on the ferry to the island of Nosy Be, in northern Madagascar." src="http://media.lonelyplanet.com/lpi/4815/4815-46/93x70.jpg" title="Locals on the ferry to the island of Nosy Be, in northern Madagascar." /></a> <div> <h4><a href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/madagascar/travel-tips-and-articles/75928" title="View this tip">Madagascar & Comoros: travel books to read before you go</a></h4><div class="date">1 October 2010</div>This excerpt from Lonely Planet’s Madagascar & Comoros guide provides a selection of travel literature to get you in the...<br />
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<h1 class="heading1"><b>South Africa Travel with Go2Africa </b></h1><br />
<a class="footer" href="http://www.go2africa.com/south-africa-safari" title="South Africa Travel - Safari"><img align="right" alt="South Africa Travel - Safari" border="1" height="220" hspace="6" src="http://www.southafricatravel.com/images/south-africa-safari.jpg" width="160" /></a> <b>Go2Africa's <a class="content" href="http://www.go2africa.com/south-africa" title="South Africa Holidays">South Africa travel guide</a></b> comprises the most popular destinations to visit within South Africa. <br />
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Peruse the menu on the left to explore the cities and <b><a class="content" href="http://www.go2africa.com/south-africa/african-safari-guide/top-experiences" title="South Africa Top Experiences">top attractions</a></b>. Follow the <b><a class="content" href="http://www.go2africa.com/south-africa/african-safari-guide/accommodation" title="South Africa accommodation">accommodation</a> and <a class="content" href="http://www.go2africa.com/south-africa/african-safari-guide/tours" title="South Africa tours">tour</a></b> links to find and book your dream South Africa travel destination. South Africa is one of the most diverse and beautiful countries to travel in the world. Aptly nicknamed the Rainbow Nation, its spectacular and varied land and its friendly people never fail to captivate those who travel in South Africa. <br />
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We at Go2Africa have selected our top <b>South Africa travel destinations</b> to help you choose you ideal travel holiday. Whether you are looking for a <b><a class="content" href="http://www.go2africa.com/south-africa-safari" title="South Africa safaris">South Africa safari</a>, beach</b> or adventure holiday we have them all for you. <br />
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And if you decide to combine your <b>holiday in South Africa</b> with some beach time in <a class="content" href="http://www.go2africa.com/mozambique" title="Mozambique beach holidays">Mozambique</a>, a few days at <a class="content" href="http://www.go2africa.com/zambia/victoria-falls" title="Victoria Falls safari holidays">Victoria Falls</a> or game viewing on the <a class="content" href="http://www.go2africa.com/tanzania/serengeti-national-park" title="Serengeti holiday safaris">Serengeti plains</a>; the Go2Africa website covers all of Southern and East Africa's <a class="content" href="http://www.go2africa.com/africa-top-destinations" title="Top destinations in Africa">top travel destinations</a> - with more than <b>10,000 regularly updated web pages</b>, Go2Africa is the expert in African travel. <br />
<h2 class="heading2">Luxury South Africa Holidays with African Safari Travel</h2>If you're looking for something <b>more exclusive for your South Africa holiday</b>, then take a look at Go2Africa's <strong><a class="content" href="http://www.africansafaritravel.com/" title="Luxury safaris in Africa">African Safari Travel</a></strong> website. This site features a selection of luxurious <strong><a class="content" href="http://www.africansafaritravel.com/south-africa/kruger" title="Top Kruger lodges">Kruger Park safaris</a>, <a class="content" href="http://www.capetownvillas.net/" title="Luxury accommodation & holiday advice">Cape Town holidays</a></strong> and <a class="content" href="http://www.africansafaritravel.com/south-africa/garden-route-accommodation" title="Country houses & boutique hotels on the Garden Route">Garden Route accommodation</a> - all handpicked for their incredible locations, discrete service and luxurious extras. <br />
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African Safari Travel specialises in <strong>tailor-made holidays for the discerning traveller</strong>. <br />
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<a class="footer" href="http://www.africansafaritravel.com/south-africa/kruger" title="Kruger Park is South Africa's top safari destination"><img alt="On safari in Kruger" border="0" src="http://www.southafricatravel.com/images/kruger-safari.jpg" /></a> <br />
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<a class="footer" href="http://www.capetownvillas.net/" title="Table Mountain and the V&A Waterfront in Cape Town"><img alt="Top Cape Town attractions" border="0" src="http://www.southafricatravel.com/images/cape-town.jpg" /></a> <br />
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<a class="footer" href="http://www.africansafaritravel.com/south-africa/garden-route" title="The holiday town of Knysna, on South Africa's Garden Route"><img alt="Travel to South Africa's Garden Route" border="0" src="http://www.southafricatravel.com/images/garden-route.jpg" /></a> <br />
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<h3>General South Africa Travel Information</h3>South Africa is the economic powerhouse of Africa with first world infrastructure and a thriving economy. The road and rail network is well developed making travel around South Africa easier and the country is open to investment and development. <br />
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Such is the faith in the future of South Africa; it was awarded the rights to host the world's largest sporting event, the 2010 Soccer World Cup. <br />
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The positive aspects of South Africa are dampened by social problems such as HIV, poverty and crime. However, there is still a very positive attitude towards the future. <a class="footer" href="http://www.go2africa.com/south-africa/map" title="South Africa Map"><img align="right" alt="South Africa Travel - South Africa Map" border="0" height="220" hspace="6" src="http://www.southafricatravel.com/images/south-africa-map.jpg" vspace="2" width="330" /></a> South Africa lies below the Tropic of Capricorn and is bordered in the north by Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique and surrounds Lesotho and Swaziland. <br />
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South Africa is a heady mix of third and first world cultures – along with the best and least crowded beaches in the world. Throw in wildlife parks such as the Kruger Park, beautiful natural scenery, a great infrastructure, and a stable post-apartheid environment and you have a great travel destination waiting to happen. <br />
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For some background information, view the South Africa travel facts pages on our Go2Africa website. Visit the map of South Africa to choose your desired travel destination. Alternatively, visit our South Africa travel accommodation page which will help you find a suitable place to lay your weary head after an adventurous day.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-76253568945128192302011-10-22T22:34:00.000-07:002011-10-22T22:53:36.102-07:00Sweet Memory of Nursing in Poltekkes Kemenkes Malang<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqLnXe6O_7MvL7UEGyYsTxaOAq5-9TgHGT-iMLCNeo6Zw7uCuhRTLLfydKLQVqgvIIQV6fQcmPtS65B2U_1AcZGXX4Rq-W4xBusyi4_H3Snn_X-BJFp2_nSJ0Cbwan9pqvBZY5n5o3jP7d/s1600/IMG00243-20110912-1102.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqLnXe6O_7MvL7UEGyYsTxaOAq5-9TgHGT-iMLCNeo6Zw7uCuhRTLLfydKLQVqgvIIQV6fQcmPtS65B2U_1AcZGXX4Rq-W4xBusyi4_H3Snn_X-BJFp2_nSJ0Cbwan9pqvBZY5n5o3jP7d/s320/IMG00243-20110912-1102.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2NxycP1C2ejHq_fsGsZh8Qf_zWMOnpUFIui6A-gtnV9HukR04x1BPzoseQFiHNFCpQV5DFiiDEPGFEJu8OC-jaZTShlnJNjWvzdx61DO2xbAluoj2RMx7BStMwee_VCw6E0X7XoHbkiZq/s1600/DSCN0224.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2NxycP1C2ejHq_fsGsZh8Qf_zWMOnpUFIui6A-gtnV9HukR04x1BPzoseQFiHNFCpQV5DFiiDEPGFEJu8OC-jaZTShlnJNjWvzdx61DO2xbAluoj2RMx7BStMwee_VCw6E0X7XoHbkiZq/s320/DSCN0224.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-17120819265918774422011-10-22T22:24:00.000-07:002011-10-22T22:24:59.503-07:00debby, septa, didit<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6HRtg23HYyu4QDiKpPU4_OC9_FqYw3FFCqXfH11bacmYL5RMoI0j9-jFw23xt9O36r2-DiH7E7YJnC9fxJxxKXEmv7z-ESOwAy0cHXzFTiiyz5Tq6m1JjUmPq_KXHzAkHL2XaiiQKO74u/s1600/100_1834.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6HRtg23HYyu4QDiKpPU4_OC9_FqYw3FFCqXfH11bacmYL5RMoI0j9-jFw23xt9O36r2-DiH7E7YJnC9fxJxxKXEmv7z-ESOwAy0cHXzFTiiyz5Tq6m1JjUmPq_KXHzAkHL2XaiiQKO74u/s320/100_1834.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><span id="goog_345257649"></span><span id="goog_345257650"></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539714675522891939.post-42030611449787105702011-10-22T22:09:00.001-07:002011-10-22T22:09:31.417-07:00debby's ScheduleDebby Syahru Romadlon lagi sibuk Praktek ProfesiAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05206617997219148269noreply@blogger.com0